Bady Care
WPC v9 ]:S9tArU |Sm43]93 4dN.D g?-5 uYi3j%4}^raCi=kV7o)tPP^k h?$E82?N?8MSJ(O 'lP_=U#:Eu?~hEf? b # \ % U N # 0 q U N 1 u G 7 2 z h ^ : w F 1 J 4 q 7 N m E ' ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) b 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 9 9 9 9 B $ $ 0 A D 3 D - 0 K E E A S 0 0 D M A H P L a s e r J e t 4 P l u s , ,,,,, 0 ( 9 Z 6 T i m e s N e w R o m a n R e g u l a r ( ` $ . 8 d d 8 ( " Z 6 T i m e s N e w R o m a n R e g u l a r 3# 3 7 = C I Q Y a g 1 . a . i . ( 1 ) ( a ) ( i ) 1 ) a ) i ) C : \ P R O G R A ~ 1 \ C O R E L \ W O R D P E ~ 1 \ T E M P L A T E \ C U S T O M ~ 1 \ R E V I S E ~ 1 . W P T C : \ P r o g r a m F i l e s \ C o r e l \ W o r d P e r f e c t O f f i c e 2 0 0 0 \ T e m p l a t e \ C u s t o m W P T e m p l a t e s \ r e v i s e d s t a n d a r d o p i n i o n . w p t -s 05 C E K Q W ] c i o A u t o L i s t 1 1 . A . 1 . 1 . 1 . 1 . 1 . 1 . ], ? 2 lJ L e v e l 1 L e v e l 2 L e v e l 3 L e v e l 4 L e v e l 5 L e v e l 1 L e v e l 2 L e v e l 3 L e v e l 4 L e v e l 5 L e v e l 1 L e v e l 2 L e v e l 3 L e v e l 4 L e v e l 5 L e v e l 1 L e v e l 2 L e v e l 3 L e v e l 4 L e v e l 5 3| x U - - ( | G 2$ ! . 8 d d 8 0 d ( | 3($ ! . 8 d d 8 V V V V ' d x d ) ! d x dx ( $ Figure 1 ^ _ X ` Y E &* birthcertificate.OnOctober20,1998,theTennesseeDepartmentofChildren sServices( DCS ) +*'+ filedadependencyandneglectpetitionintheJuvenileCourtofShelbyCounty.Thedependency ,(, andneglectpetitionallegedthatD.L.B.wasadependentandneglectedchildduetoMrs.Bady s -)- historyofdrugabuseandfailuretomaintainastablehome.Thejuvenilecourtenteredaprotective custodyorderrecommendingthatD.L.B.beplacedinthecustodyofDCS. OnOctober29,1998,D.L.B.wasdischargedfromTheMedintothecustodyofDCS.DCS t referredD.L.B.totheAGAPEagencyforfostercareplacement.AGAPEplacedD.L.B.inthefoster ` homeoftheAppellees,DonaldandDeniseNickleson( theNicklesons ).D.L.B.haslivedwiththe L NicklesonsfromOctober,1998untilthepresentday.D.L.B.hasrespiratoryproblemsaswellas 8 sensoryintegrationproblemswhichdelayherdevelopmentinoccupationalperformanceareassuch $ t asfinemotorskillsandgrossmotorskills.Mrs.Nicklesonisalicensedphysicaltherapistwitha ` specialcertificationinsensoryintegrationassessment,evaluation,andtreatment.Mrs.Nickleson L privatelyseespatientsfromwithinherhomeandprovidesD.L.B.withconstanttherapyforher 8 sensoryintegrationproblems. $ OnMay15,2000,CourtAppointedSpecialAdvocateofMemphisandShelbyCounty ( CASA )filedapetitionforterminationofparentalrightsofMrs.Bady,herhusbandJessieBady ( Mr.Bady ),andallunknownfathersofD.L.B.OnJuly12,2000,ahearingonthepetitionfor terminationofparentalrightswasheld.Mr.Mooreappearedatthehearingandclaimedtobethe p fatherofD.L.B.ThejuvenilecourtenteredanorderterminatingtheparentalrightsofMr.andMrs. \ Bady.OnAugust15,2000,CASAfiledanamendedpetitionforterminationofparentalrightsto H addMr.MooreastheputativefatherofD.L.B. 4 DCSfiledapetitioninthejuvenilecourtagainstMr.MooretoestablishparentageofD.L.B. \ OnAugust18,2000,Mr.MooresubmittedtoapaternitytestwhichconfirmedthathewasD.L.B. s H father.OnSeptember15,2000,thejuvenilecourtenteredanorderestablishingMr.Mooreasthe 4 naturalfatherofD.L.B.andrequiringMr.Mooretopaychildsupportintheamountof$210.00per month.ThejuvenilecourtalsoorderedMr.MooretopayallmedicalexpensesrelatedtoD.L.B. s birth,D.L.B. smedicalinsurance,thecostofthepaternitytest,andcourtcosts.InOctober,2000, Mr.Mooremadehisfirstchildsupportpayment,andbeginninginNovember,2000,Mr.Moore s wagesweregarnishedtomakethechildsupportpayments.Mr.Mooreneverpaidanymedical expensesrelatedtoD.L.B. sbirth,D.L.B. smedicalinsurance,thecostofthepaternitytest,orcourt l costsasorderedbythejuvenilecourt. X InNovember,2000,thejuvenilecourtappointedSusanHinsley( Ms.Hinsley )asthe 0" guardianadlitem.OnNovember2,2000,Mr.MoorecontactedDCSandrequestedvisitationwith #l ! D.L.B.Mr.Moore sfirstsupervisedvisitwithD.L.B.occurredonNovember13,2000.On $X " November16,2000,DCSrequestedthatCASAwithdrawitspetitionforterminationofparental $D # rightsagainstMr.Moore.InitsNovember28,2000quarterlyprogressreport,DCSchangedits %0!$ permanencyplangoalfrom adoption to returntoparent. AtajudicialreviewofD.L.B. scase, & "% DCSrequestedthejuvenilecourttochangethegoalfrom adoption to returntoparent. On '#& November28,2000,thejuvenilecourtdeniedDCS requesttochangethegoalto returntoparent (#' butorderedthatvisitationbetweenMr.MooreandD.L.B.continue.Mr.Mooreengagedinfourteen )$( supervisedvisitswithD.L.B.fromNovember13,2000throughJanuary29,2001andfromMarch |*%) 29,2001throughApril27,2001. h+&* ? OnJanuary12,2001,theNicklesonsfiledamotiontointerveneinthejuvenilecourt proceedings.OnJanuary29,2001,Mr.MoorefiledaresponsetotheNicklesons motionto intervene.OnJanuary31,2001,Mr.Moorefiledamotioninthejuvenilecourttomodifytheplan ofcaretoreflectachangeto returntoparent andtohavecustodyawardedtohim.AlsoonJanuary t 31,2001,theNicklesonsfiledapetitiontoterminateparentalrightsandforadoptionintheChancery ` CourtofShelbyCounty.TheNicklesonsthennotifiedthejuvenilecourtthattheyhadfileda L petitiontoterminateparentalrightsandforadoptioninthechancerycourt. 8 OnFebruary1,2001,CASAmadeanoralmotiontodismisstheirpetitiontoterminate ` parentalrightsofMr.Moorefiledinthejuvenilecourt.TheNicklesonsobjectedtoCASA smotion L todismiss.ThejuvenilecourtenteredanorderwhichsuspendedrulingonCASA smotionto 8 dismissduetothefilingoftheNicklesons petitiontoterminateparentalrightsandforadoptionin $ thechancerycourt.Thechancerycourtthenreferredthepartiesbacktothejuvenilecourttorequest furtherrulingonCASA smotiontodismiss.OnFebruary5,2001,theNicklesonsfiledanamended petitiontoterminateparentalrightsandforadoptioninthechancerycourtwhichnamedDCSasan additionalrespondentduetoitsfailuretoconsenttoterminationofMr.Moore sparentalrights. AlsoonFebruary5,2001,theNicklesonssentalettertoDCSindicatingthatvisitationwith \ Mr.MoorewasnotinD.L.B. sbestinterestandinformingDCSthattheyweregoingtowaitonan H orderfromthechancerycourtbeforeallowingvisitationtocontinue.TheNicklesonsclaimthat 4 visitationwithMr.MoorehadcausedD.L.B.toregressinhertoilettrainingandtobecomemore p clingytoMrs.Nicklesonfollowingvisitation.TheNicklesonsalsoclaimthatvisitationexacerbated \ D.L.B. s rocking, sittingupinbedandrepeatedlybangingherbackagainstherbedasameansof H selfstimulation.OnMarch6,2001,Mr.Moorefiledaresponsetotheamendedpetitiontoterminate 4 parentalrightsandforadoptionwhichincludedanapplicationforinjunctiverelief.Theapplication forinjunctivereliefallegedthattheNicklesonshadrefusedtocomplywiththejuvenilecourt sgrant ofvisitationtoMr.MooresinceFebruary5,2001andrequestedthatthechancerycourtorderthat D.L.B.bemadeavailableforvisitation.OnMarch8,2001,DCSfiledaresponsetotheamended petitiontoterminateparentalrightsandforadoption.OnMarch19,2001,Mr.Moorefiledamotion inthechancerycourttodismisstheNicklesons petitionandamendedpetitiontoterminateparental l rightsandforadoption. X OnMarch22,2001,thejuvenilecourtenteredanorderdismissingCASA spetitionto 0" terminateparentalrightsfiledinthejuvenilecourt.OnMarch28,2001,thechancerycourtentered #l ! anorderappointingMs.Hinsleyasthetemporaryguardianadlitem.Followingherinvestigation, $X " Ms.Hinsleyfiledananswertothepetitiontoterminateparentalrights.Ms.Hinsley sanswerstated $D # thatMr.Moorehadfailedtoshowasufficientwillingnessandabilitytoassumelegalandphysical %0!$ custodyofD.L.B.TheanswerstatedthatD.L.B.wouldnotreceivethetherapysheneedsifsheis & "% placedwithMr.MooreandthatplacingD.L.B.withMr.Moorewouldposeariskofsubstantial '#& harmtothephysicalandpsychologicalwelfareofD.L.B.Finally,theanswerassertedthatMr. (#' MoorewasincompetenttoadequatelyprovideforD.L.B.becausehismentalconditionwasso )$( impairedthatitwasunlikelythatMr.MoorewouldbeabletoassumecareofD.L.B.inthenear |*%) future.Ms.HinsleyrecommendedthatthechancerycourtterminateMr.Moore sparentalrights. ? OnMarch29,2001,thechancerycourtheldahearingonMr.Moore sapplicationfor injunctiverelief.OnApril6,2001,thechancerycourtenteredanordergrantingsupervised t visitationtoMr.Moore.OnApril19,2001,theNicklesonsfiledamotiontoamendtheorder ` grantingsupervisedvisitation.OnApril24,2001,theNicklesonsfiledamotionforleavetofilea L secondamendedpetitiontoterminateparentalrightsandforadoptiontoallegeadditionalgrounds 8 forterminationofparentalrights.OnApril27,2001,thechancerycourtheldahearingonthe $ t motiontoamendtheordergrantingsupervisedvisitation.OnMay24,2001,thechancerycourt ` grantedtheNicklesons motionforleavetofileasecondamendedpetitiontoterminateparental L rightsandforadoption.Thechancerycourtalsograntedthemotiontoamendtheordergranting 8 supervisedvisitationandterminatedthesupervisedvisitationuponafindingthatthevisitationwas $ adverselyaffectingD.L.B. spsychologicalwellbeingandwasnotinherbestinterest.The Nicklesonsfiledthesecondamendedpetitiontoterminateparentalrightsandforadoption. OnMay25,2001,theNicklesonsfiledamotiontoappointthemasthetemporaryguardians ofD.L.B.andsuspendtheauthorityofDCSoverD.L.B.OnJune5,2001,theNicklesonsfileda p motiontorequireMr.Mooretobeprofessionallyevaluated.OnJune11,2001,thechancerycourt \ heldahearingonthetwomotions.ThechancerycourtenteredanorderdenyingtheNicklesons H motiontoappointthemasthetemporaryguardiansofD.L.B.andsuspendtheauthorityofDCSover 4 D.L.B.andtheNicklesons motiontorequireMr.Mooretobeprofessionallyevaluated.OnJune p 1927,2001,thetrialontheNicklesons petitiontoterminateparentalrightswasheld.OnJune20, \ 2001,Mr.Moorefiledaresponsetothesecondamendedpetitiontoterminateparentalrightsand H foradoption.OnJune25,2001,theNicklesonsmadeamotionforadirectedverdict.Thechancery 4 courtdeniedthemotionforadirectedverdict. Followingthetrial,thechancerycourtdirectedthepartiestosubmitproposedfindingsof fact.OnJuly12,2001,theNicklesonssubmittedtheirproposedfindingsoffactandconclusionsof law.OnJuly23,2001,Mr.Mooresubmittedhisproposedfindingsoffact.OnAugust8,2001,the chancerycourtenteredanorderterminatingMr.Moore sparentalrights.Thechancerycourtfound l thatMr.MooreabandonedD.L.B.becauseforaperiodoffourconsecutivemonthsimmediately X precedingCASA spetitiontoterminateparentalrightsfiledinthejuvenilecourt,Mr.Moore D! willfullyfailedtovisitandmakepaymentstowardthesupportofD.L.B.Thechancerycourtalso 0" foundthatitwasinD.L.B. sbestinteresttoterminateMr.Moore sparentalrights.Thisappeal #l ! followed. $X " @ II.StandardofReview & "% Parentshaveafundamentalrighttothecare,custody,andcontroloftheirchildren.See (#' Stanleyv.Illinois,405U.S.645,651(1972).Thisrightisnotabsolute,however,andparentalrights )$( maybeterminateduponafindingbyclearandconvincingevidencethatthegroundsfortermination |*%) ofparentalrightshavebeenestablishedandthatterminationisinthebestinterestofthechild.See h+&* Tenn.CodeAnn.36-1-113(c)(2001).Clearandconvincingevidenceisevidencewhich eliminatesanyseriousorsubstantialdoubtconcerningthecorrectnessoftheconclusiontobedrawn fromtheevidence.Itshouldproduceinthefactfinder smindafirmbelieforconvictionwithregard tothetruthoftheallegationssoughttobeestablished. O Danielv.Messier,905S.W.2d182,188 t (Tenn.Ct.App.1995)(citationsomitted). ` Underthisheightenedstandardofreview,wemustfirstreviewthetrialcourt sfindingsin 8 accordancewithsection13(d)oftheTennesseeRulesofAppellateProcedure.Thatreviewisde $ t novowithapresumptionofcorrectnessastothetrialcourt sfactualfindings,unlessthe ` preponderanceoftheevidenceisotherwise.SeeTenn.R.App.P.13(d).Forissuesoflaw,the L standardofreviewisdenovo,withnopresumptionofcorrectness.SeeRidingsv.RalphM.Parsons 8 Co.,914S.W.2d79,80(Tenn.1996).Wemustthendeterminewhetherthefactsmakeoutaclear $ andconvincingcaseinfavorofterminatingparentalrights.SeeInreDrinnon,776S.W.2d96,100 (Tenn.Ct.App.1988). @ 00 III.LawandAnalysis Thefollowingissues,asweperceivethem,arepresentedforourreview: \ 1.WhetherthetrialcourterredbyterminatingMr.Moore sparentalrightsonthebasisofwillful 4 abandonmentundersection361102(1)(A)(i)oftheTennesseeCode; p ( 5 0 3 ! ! 2.WhetherothergroundstosupportterminationofMr.Moore sparentalrightsexist;and \ 3.WhetherterminationofparentalrightsisinthebestinterestofD.L.B. H Wewillexamineeachissueinturn. 4 ThefirstissuepresentedforourreviewiswhetherthetrialcourterredbyterminatingMr. Moore sparentalrightsonthebasisofwillfulabandonmentundersection361102(1)(A)(i).Under theprovisionsofsection361113(g)(1)oftheTennesseeCode,terminationofparentalrightsmay bebaseduponaparent sabandonmentofhisorherchild.SeeTenn.CodeAnn.361113(g)(1) (2001).Section361102definesabandonment,inpertinentpart,as: l ` (1)(A)(i)Foraperiodoffour(4)consecutivemonthsimmediately D! ` precedingthefilingofaproceedingorpleadingtoterminatethe 0" ` parentalrightsoftheparent(s)orguardian(s)ofthechildwhois #l ! ` thesubjectofthepetitionforterminationofparentalrightsor $X " ` adoption,thattheparent(s)orguardian(s)eitherhavewillfully $D # ` failedtovisitorhavewillfullyfailedtosupportormake %0!$ ` reasonablepaymentstowardthesupportofthechild; & "% ` (B)Forpurposesofthissubdivision(1), tokensupport means '#& ` thatthesupport,underthecircumstancesoftheindividual (#' ` case,isinsignificantgiventheparent smeans; )$( ` (C)Forpurposesofthissubdivision(1), tokenvisitation h+&* ` meansthatthevisitation,underthecircumstancesofthe ` individualcase,constitutesnothingmorethanperfunctory ` visitationorvisitationofsuchaninfrequentnatureorofsuch ` shortdurationastomerelyestablishminimalorinsubstantial t ` contactwiththechild; ` ` (D)Forpurposesofthissubdivision(1), willfullyfailedto 8 ` support or willfullyfailedtomakereasonablepayments $ t ` towardsuchchild ssupport meansthat,foraperiodof ` ` four(4)consecutivemonths,nomonetarysupportwaspaid L ` orthattheamountofsupportpaidistokensupport; 8 ` (E)Forpurposesofthissubdivision(1), willfullyfailedto ` visit meansthewillfulfailure,foraperiodoffour(4) ` consecutivemonths,tovisitorengageinmorethantoken ` visitation. Tenn.CodeAnn.361102(1)(A)(E)(2001). \ InInreSwanson,2S.W.3d180(Tenn.1999),theTennesseeSupremeCourtfoundtheabove 4 definitionsof willfullyfailedtosupport and willfullyfailedtomakereasonablepaymentstoward p suchchild ssupport tobeunconstitutionalbecausethey ineffectcreateanirrebuttable \ presumptionthatthefailuretoprovidemonetarysupportforthefourmonthsprecedingthepetition H toterminateparentalrightsconstitutesabandonment,irrespectiveofwhetherthatfailurewas 4 intentional. Id.at188.TheSwansoncourtheldthatthedefinitionasitexistedundertheprior statuteshouldbeapplieduntilthelegislatureamendsthestatute.Seeid.at189. Undertheprior statute,thedefinitionof abandonedchild containedanelementofintentbothinfailurestovisitand failurestosupport. Id.at189n.14(citingTenn.CodeAnn.361102(1)(A)(i)(Supp.1994)). Tennesseecourtshavedefinedabandonmentas anyconductonthepartoftheparentwhich l evincesasettledpurposetoforegoallparentaldutiesandrelinquishallparentalclaimstothechild. X ExparteWolfenden,348S.W.2d751,755(Tenn.Ct.App.1961)(citationsomitted).Theevidence D! ofabandonmentmustshow anactualdesertion,accompaniedwithanintentiontoentirelysever, 0" sofarasitispossibletodoso,theparentalrelationshipandthrowoffallobligationsgrowingout #l ! ofthesame. Fancherv.Mann,432S.W.2d63,65(Tenn.Ct.App.1968)(citationomitted). $X " Abandonmentmaybefoundonlywhen,giventhebenefitofeverycontrovertedfact,aninference $D # ofabandonmentfollowsasamatteroflaw.Seeid.at66. %0!$ Inthecaseatbar,thechancerycourtfoundthatMr.MoorewillfullyabandonedD.L.B.in '#& thathewillfullyfailedtovisitandwillfullyfailedtosupportD.L.B.duringthefourmonths (#' immediatelyprecedingthefilingofCASA spetitiontoterminateparentalrightsinthejuvenile )$( court.Mr.Moorearguesthatthechancerycourterredbylookingtothefourmonthsimmediately |*%) precedingthefilingofCASA spetitiontoterminateparentalrightsinthejuvenilecourtratherthan h+&* thefourmonthsimmediatelyprecedingthefilingoftheNicklesons petitiontoterminateparental rightsinthechancerycourt.Wemustdeterminetherelevantfourmonthperiod. AtthetrialontheNicklesons petitiontoterminateparentalrights,thechancerycourt t discussedwhyitconsideredthefourmonthsimmediatelyprecedingthefilingofCASA spetition ` toterminateparentalrightsbystatingthefollowing: L ` [I]nregardtothegroundsofabandonment,Ireadthatstatute $ t ` literallyintermsofwhatdateI msupposedtolookat.Andin ` ` thestatuteitsaysthefilingofanypetition.Anditsaysapetition. L ` SoI musingthetriggeringdateasthedatethatanactionwas 8 ` filedinJuvenileCourt,andnotwhentheadoptionpetitionwas $ ` filedinChancery.Now,Ithink,Imayreadandinterpretthat ` differentlythanyou.IthinkyouwereusingtheJanuarydate ` whentheadoptionproceedingwasfiledinChanceryCourt.But ` asIreadthestatute,ittalksaboutthefilingofapetitionandit ` talksaboutanypetition,soIreaditjustasitappears.Andthe p ` firstpetitiontoterminatewasfiledinJuvenileCourt,andIthink \ ` thatwasbackinMayof2000.Sothatisthetrigger,andIwill H ` belookingathisconductandhisactivitiesbeforeMayof2000 4 ` inmakingadeterminationaboutwhetherornotheabandoned p ` thischild. \ Thetrialcourt sdiscussionofthephrases apetition and anypetition refertosection361 H 102(1)(A)(i)andsection361102(F),respectively.Section361102(1)(A)(i)definesabandonment 4 as: ` Foraperiodoffour(4)consecutivemonthsimmediately ` precedingthefilingofaproceedingorpleadingtoterminate ` theparentalrightsoftheparent(s)orguardian(s)ofthechild ` whoisthesubjectofthepetitionforterminationofparental ` rightsoradoption,thattheparent(s)orguardian(s)eitherhave l ` willfullyfailedtovisitorhavewillfullyfailedtosupportor X ` makereasonablepaymentstowardthesupportofthechild. D! ? 0" Tenn.CodeAnn.36112(1)(A)(i)(emphasisadded). #l ! Section361102(1)(F)states: Abandonmentmaynotberepentedofbyresumingvisitationor $D # supportsubsequenttothefilingofanypetitionseekingtoterminateparentalorguardianshiprights %0!$ orseekingtheadoptionofachild. Tenn.CodeAnn.361102(1)(F)(emphasisadded) . & "% Whencalledupontointerpretastatute,thisCourt sprimaryobjectiveistoeffectuatethe (#' intentandpurposeofthelegislature.SeeLipscombv.Doe,32S.W.3d840,844(Tenn.2000).This )$( Courtshoulddeterminetheintentofthelegislaturebylookingtothenaturalandordinarymeaning |*%) ofthewordsusedinthestatute,andnotbyaconstructionthatisforcedorwhichlimitsorextends h+&* themeaning.Seeid. Whenthelanguageofthestatuteisclearandunambiguous,thenthisCourt usuallyappliestheplainlanguageofthestatutetoresolvetheissue. Id.Whenapproaching statutorytext,thisCourtmustpresumethatthelegislaturesaysinastatutewhatitmeansandmeans inastatutewhatitsaysthere.SeeWorleyv.Weigel s,Inc.,919S.W.2d589,593(Tenn.1996) t (citationomitted).Accordingly,wemustconstruestatutesastheyarewritten,andoursearchforthe ` meaningofstatutorylanguagemustalwaysbeginwiththestatuteitself.SeeNeffv.CherokeeIns. L Co.,704S.W.2d1,3(Tenn.1986);Jacksonv.Jackson,210S.W.2d332,334(Tenn.1948). 8 Section361102(1)(A)(i)definesabandonment,inpertinentpart,astheparent swillful ` failuretovisitortosupportormakereasonablepaymentstowardthesupportofthechildforaperiod L offourmonthsimmediatelyprecedingthefilingof aproceedingorpleading toterminateparental 8 rights.Thestatutedoesnotreferto theproceedingorpleading which,inthecaseatbar,would $ referencethechancerycourttotheparticularpetitiontoterminateparentalrightsfiledbythe Nicklesons.Rather,undertheplainandordinarymeaningofthewords aproceedingorpleading, thestatutereferencesthechancerycourttoCASA spetitiontoterminateparentalrightsfiledinthe juvenilecourt.Moreimportantly,however,section361102(1)(F)statesthataparentmaynot repentofabandonmentbyresumingvisitationorsupportsubsequenttothefilingof anypetition p toterminateparentalrights.Thus,undertheplainandordinarymeaningofsection361102(1)(F), \ onceanypetitiontoterminateparentalrightshasbeenfiled,aparentmaynotthenrepentofhisor H herabandonment.Thismeansthatforpurposesofthecaseatbar,thoughMr.Moorebegan 4 visitationandsupportfollowingthefilingofCASA samendedpetitiontoterminateparentalrights, p Mr.Moorecouldnotrepentofhispriorabandonmentbecausethisoccurredsubsequenttothefiling \ ofanypetitiontoterminateparentalrights.Becauseweconstruethestatuteaccordingtoitsplain H andordinarymeaning,wefindthattherelevantfourmonthperiodisthefourmonthsimmediately 4 precedingthefilingofCASA spetitiontoterminateparentalrightsinthejuvenilecourt. Mr.MooreadmittedthatheknewthatD.L.B.wasinthecustodyofDCSbeginningin December,1998,buthefailedtocontactDCStorequestvisitationuntilNovember,2000,sixmonths followingthefilingofCASA spetitiontoterminateparentalrightsinthejuvenilecourt.Mr.Moore neverpaidanysupporttoD.L.B.untilOctober,2000,fivemonthsfollowingthefilingofCASA s l petitiontoterminateparentalrightsinthejuvenilecourt.Asaresult,theevidencesupportsthe X chancerycourt sfindingthatMr.Moorewillfullyfailedtovisitandwillfullyfailedtosupportor D! makereasonablepaymentstowardthesupportofD.L.B.duringthefourmonthsimmediately 0" precedingthefilingofCASA spetitiontoterminateparentalrightsinthejuvenilecourt. #l ! Accordingly,weaffirmthetrialcourt sorderterminatingMr.Moore sparentalrightsonthebasis $X " ofwillfulabandonmentundersection361102(1)(A)(i). $D # Thesecondissuepresentedforourreviewiswhetherothergroundstosupporttermination & "% ofMr.Moore sparentalrightsexist.ThoughtheNicklesons assertedseveralgroundsuponwhich '#& tobaseterminationofparentalrights,thechancerycourtonlyaddressedthegroundofwillful (#' abandonmentundersection361102(1)(A)(i).Wewilladdresseachgroundforterminationof )$( parentalrightsasassertedbytheNicklesons. |*%) h+&* TheNicklesonsclaimthatMr.Moore sparentalrightsshouldbeterminateduponan additionalgroundforabandonmentasdefinedbysection361102(1)(A)(iii)oftheTennesseeCode. Section361102(1)(A)(iii)definesabandonment,inpertinentpart,as: ` (1)(A)(iii)Abiologicalorlegalfatherhaseitherwillfullyfailed ` ` tovisitorwillfullyfailedtomakereasonablepaymentstoward L ` thesupportofthechild smotherduringthefour(4)months 8 ` immediatelyprecedingthebirthofthechild;provided,thatinno $ t ` instanceshallafinalorderterminatingtheparentalrightsofa ` ` parentasdeterminedpursuanttothissubdivision(iii)beentered L ` untilatleastthirty(30)dayshaveelapsedsincethedateofthe 8 ` child sbirth; $ Tenn.CodeAnn.361102(1)(A)(iii)(2001). Mr.MooremetMrs.Badywhenhesolicitedherforaprostitutiondateandpaidhertwenty dollars.Mr.MooreclaimedthathedevelopedarelationshipwithMrs.Bady,andshestayedathis p houseapproximatelyonceamonthfortwoorthreedayseachmonth.Sixweeksintoherpregnancy \ withD.L.B.,Mrs.BadynotifiedMr.Moorethathewasthefatherofherchild.Atthetrialonthe H petitiontoterminateparentalrights,theNicklesons attorneyquestionedMr.Mooreasfollows: 4 Q.AndyoutestifiedtodayandyoutestifiedataprevioustimeIbelieveastoyouwouldgive \ [Mrs.Bady]$10or$20sometimesifshewasgoingtobuyfoodorclothes;isthatcorrect? H A.Correct. 4 Q.Andwhenshewasatyourhouse,youwerehavingasexualrelationship,wereyounot? A.Correct. Q.Andthatwaswhileshewaspregnantwith[D.L.B.]? A.Correct. Q.Andisn tittruethatwhenyou resayingthatshewaslivingatyourhouse,whatwas happeningwasshewasstayingtwoorthreedaysandgoingawayforamonthandcomingbackand l stayingtwoorthreemoredaysandgoingawayforamonth?Sometimeslongerthanmonthand X sometimesshewouldstayalittlelongerthantwoorthreedays? D! A.Correct. 0" Q.Andyoucallthatlivingthere? #l ! A.Yes. $X " Q.Andthat sthesupportyouweregivingherwastheplacetosleepandfoodwhileshewas $D # there? %0!$ A.Correct. & "% Q.Anddidyounotalsotestifythatontheoccasionsthatshewastherefortwoorthreedays '#& andbeabsentforthisadditionaltimethatyoudidn tgivehermoneyeverytimeshewasthere,did (#' you? )$( A.Noteverytimeshewasthere. |*%) Q.Okay.Soitwasonlysomeofthetwoorthreedayperiodsshewouldbetherethatyou gaveher$10or$20? A.Correct. Q.Andpartofthat$10or$20youwereexpectinghertouseforfood,right? t A.Correct. ` Afterreviewingtherecord,wefindthatthesupportMr.MooreprovidedMrs.Badyduring 8 thefourmonthsimmediatelyprecedingD.L.B. sbirthwasunreasonable.Mr.MooreprovidedMrs. $ t Badywithaplacetostayapproximatelyoncepermonthfortwoorthreedayseachmonthand ` sometimesgaveMrs.Bady$10or$20whichheexpectedhertouseforfood.Undersection361 L 102(1)(A)(iii),abandonmentconstitutesthewillfulfailuretomakereasonablepaymentstowardthe 8 supportofthechild smotherduringthefourmonthsimmediatelyprecedingthechild sbirth.We $ findnothingreasonableaboutthepaymentsMr.MooremadetoMrs.Badyduringthefourmonths priortoD.L.B. sbirth.Accordingly,wefindthatMr.Moore sparentalrightsshouldbeterminated undersection361102(1)(A)(iii). TheNicklesonsalsoarguethatMr.Moore sparentalrightsshouldbeterminatedunderthe p groundsstatedinsection361113(g)(3)(A)oftheTennesseeCode.Section361113(g)(3)(A) \ states: H ` (3)(A)Thechildhasbeenremovedfromthehomeoftheparentor 4 ` guardianbyorderofacourtforaperiodofsix(6)monthsand: p ` (i)Theconditionswhichledtothechild sremovalorotherconditions H ` whichinallreasonableprobabilitywouldcausethechildtobe 4 ` subjectedtofurtherabuseorneglectandwhich,therefore,prevent ` thechild ssafereturntothecareoftheparent(s)orguardian(s)still ` persist; ` (ii)Thereislittlelikelihoodthattheseconditionswillberemedied ` atanearlydatesothatthechildcanbesafelyreturnedtotheparent(s) l ` orguardian(s)inthenearfuture;and X ` (iii)Thecontinuationoftheparentorguardianandchildrelationship 0" ` greatlydiminishesthechild schancesofearlyintegrationintoasafe, #l ! ` stableandpermanenthome. $X " Tenn.CodeAnn.361113(g)(3)(A)(2001). %0!$ Section361113(g)(3)(A)appliesonlyinthecaseofachildthathasbeenremovedfromthehome '#& ofaparent.D.L.B.wasnotremovedfromthehomeofMr.Moore.Accordingly,wefindthatMr. (#' Moore sparentalrightsshouldnotbeterminatedonthebasisofsection361113(g)(3)(A). )$( |*%) TheNicklesonsassertthatMr.Moore sparentalrightsshouldbeterminatedunderthe groundsstatedinsection361113(g)(8)oftheTennesseeCode.Section361113(g)(8)states: ` (8)(A)Thechanceryandcircuitcourtsshallhavejurisdictionin t ` anadoptionproceeding,andthechancery,circuit,andjuvenile ` ` courtsshallhavejurisdictioninaseparate,independentproceeding L ` conductedpriortoanadoptionproceedingtodetermineifthe 8 ` parentorguardianismentallyincompetenttoprovideforthe $ t ` furthercareandsupervisionofthechild,andtoterminatethat ` ` parent sorguardian srightstothechild. L ` (B)Thecourtmayterminatetheparentalorguardianshiprightsof $ ` thatpersonifitdeterminesonthebasisofclearandconvincing ` evidencethat: ` (i)Theparentorguardianofthechildisincompetenttoadequately ` provideforthefurthercareandsupervisionofthechildbecausethe p ` parent sorguardian smentalconditionispresentlysoimpairedand \ ` issolikelytoremainsothatitisunlikelythattheparentorguardian H ` willbeabletoassumeorresumethecareofandresponsibilityfor 4 ` thechildinthenearfuture;and p ` (ii)Thatterminationofparentalorguardianrightsisinthebest H ` interestofthechild. 4 ` (C)Inthecircumstancesdescribedundersubdivisions(A)and(B), ` nowillfulnessinthefailureoftheparentorguardiantoestablish ` theparent sorguardian sabilitytocareforthechildneedbeshown ` toestablishthattheparentalorguardianshiprightsshouldbe ` terminated. l Tenn.CodeAnn.361113(g)(8)(2001). D! WefindnoevidenceintherecordthatMr.Mooreismentallyincompetentormentallyimpaired. #l ! Accordingly,wefindthatMr.Moore sparentalrightsshouldnotbeterminatedonthebasisof $X " section361113(g)(8). $D # Finally,theNicklesonsarguethatMr.Moore sparentalrightsshouldbeterminatedunder & "% thegroundsstatedinsection361113(g)(9)(A)oftheTennesseeCode.Section361113(g)(9)(A) '#& states: (#' ` (9)(A)Theparentalrightsofanypersonwhoisnotthelegal )$( ` parentorguardianofachildorwhoisdescribedin361117 |*%) ` (b)or(c)mayalsobeterminatedbaseduponanyone(1)ormore h+&* ` ofthefollowingadditionalgrounds: ` (i)Thepersonhasfailed,withoutgoodcauseorexcuse,topay ` areasonableshareofprenatal,natal,andpostnatalexpenses t ` involvingthebirthofthechildinaccordancewiththeperson s ` ` financialmeanspromptlyupontheperson sreceiptofnoticeof L ` thechild simpendingbirth; 8 ` (ii)Thepersonhasfailed,withoutgoodcauseorexcuse,tomake ` ` reasonableandconsistentpaymentsforthesupportofthechildin L ` accordancewiththechildsupportguidelinespromulgatedbythe 8 ` departmentpursuantto365101; $ ` (iii)Thepersonhasfailedtoseekreasonablevisitationwiththe ` child,andifvisitationhasbeengranted,hasfailedtovisit ` altogether,orhasengagedinonlytokenvisitation,asdefinedin ` 361102(1)(C); p ` ` (iv)Thepersonhasfailedtomanifestanabilityandwillingness H ` toassumelegalandphysicalcustodyofthechild; 4 ` (v)Placingcustodyofthechildintheperson slegalandphysical \ ` custodywouldposeariskofsubstantialharmtothephysicaland H ` psychologicalwelfareofthechild;or 4 ` (vi)Thepersonhasfailedtofileapetitiontoestablishpaternity ` ofthechildwithinthirty(30)daysafternoticeofallegedpaternity ` bythechild smother,orasrequiredby362318(j),orafter ` makingaclaimofpaternitypursuantto361117(c)(3). Tenn.CodeAnn.361113(g)(9)(A)(2001)(emphasisadded). l Mr.Moorearguesthatsection361113(g)(9)(A)isinapplicabletohimbecausethissection D! onlyappliestononlegalparents.Legalparentisdefinedbysection361102(28)oftheTennessee 0" Code,inpertinentpart,as: #l ! ` (D)Amanwhohasbeenadjudicatedtobethelegalfatherofthe $D # ` childbyanycourtoradministrativebodyofthisstateoranyother %0!$ ` stateorterritoryorforeigncountryorwhohassigned,pursuantto & "% ` 247113,683203(g),683302,and683305(b),anunrevoked '#& ` andswornacknowledgmentofpaternityundertheprovisionsof (#' ` Tennesseelaw,orwhohassignedsuchaswornacknowledgment )$( ` pursuanttothelawofanyotherstate,territory,orforeigncountry; |*%) h+&* Tenn.CodeAnn.361102(28)(2001). WefindthatMr.MoorewasadjudicatedtobeD.L.B. slegalparentfollowingthejuvenilecourt s September15,2000orderestablishingD.L.B.asalegitimatechildofMr.Mooreforalllawful t purposes.Section361113(g)(9)(A)specificallystatesthatitonlyappliestopersonswhoarenot ` legalparents.Accordingly,wefindthatMr.Moore sparentalrightscannotbeterminatedunder L section361113(g)(9)(A)becauseMr.Mooreisalegalparent. 8 Wenotethattheeasternsectionofthiscourtrecentlydecidedacasethatisfactuallysimilar ` tothecaseatbar.InJonesv.Garrett,No.E200000196COAR3CV,2001Tenn.App.Lexis840, L *1(Tenn.Ct.App.Nov.9,2001),AmyPenland( Ms.Penland )notifiedPierceGarrett( Mr. 8 Garrett )onOctober7,1997,thatshewaspregnantwithhischild.Seeid.at*3.OnJanuary30, $ 1998,C.L.J.wasborn,andMs.PenlandsurrenderedC.L.J.totheJonesesforadoption.Seeid.at *12.InMarch,1998,apaternitytestrevealedthatMr.GarrettwasthefatherofC.L.J.Seeid.at *3.OnMay26,1998,Mr.Garrettfiledapetitiontoestablishpaternity.Seeid.Thetrialcourt sustainedthepetitiontoestablishpaternity.Seeid.OnAugust13,1998,thetrialcourtfoundthat Mr.Garrettfailedtofileapetitiontoestablishpaternitywithinthirtydaysafterreceivingnoticeand p terminatedMr.Garrett sparentalrightsonthebasisofsection361113(g)(9)(A)(iv).Mr.Garrett \ appealed. H Onappeal,Mr.Garrettarguedthatbecauseintheproceedingonthepetitiontoestablish p paternity,hewasfoundtobethelegalfatherofC.L.J.,section361113(g)(9)(A)didnotapplyto \ him.Seeid.at*5.Inresponsetothisargument,thecourtofappealsstated, Weseenothinginthe H Statutethatsupportsthisinsistence. Id.Thecourtofappealsaffirmedthetrialcourtonthisissue 4 butremandedthiscasetothetrialcourtforadeterminationthatterminationofparentalrightswas inthebestinterestofC.L.J.Whilewearehesitanttoholdcontrarytoadecisionbyanothersection ofthiscourt,wenotethattheJonesopinionisnotcontrolling,asithasnotbeenreportedinthe officialreporter.SeeTenn.S.Ct.R.4(H)(1)&(2).Furthermore,theTennesseeSupremeCourt grantedMr.Garrett spermissiontoappealthiscaseonApril1,2002.Asofthedateofthisopinion, thesupremecourthadnotyetdecidedthismatter. l Thethirdissuepresentedforourreviewiswhetherterminationofparentalrightsisinthe D! bestinterestofD.L.B.Section361113(i)oftheTennesseeCodeprovidescourtswiththefollowing 0" factorstoconsiderwhenmakingabestinterestdetermination: #l ! ` (i)Indeterminingwhetherterminationofparentalorguardianship $D # ` rightsisinthebestinterestofthechildpursuanttothispart,the %0!$ ` courtshallconsider,butisnotlimitedto,thefollowing: & "% ` (1)Whethertheparentorguardianhasmadesuchanadjustment (#' ` ofcircumstance,conduct,orconditionsastomakeitsafeandin )$( ` thechild sbestinteresttobeinthehomeoftheparentorguardian; |*%) h+&* ` (2)Whethertheparentorguardianhasfailedtoeffectalasting ` adjustmentafterreasonableeffortsbyavailablesocialservices ` agenciesforsuchdurationoftimethatlastingadjustmentdoesnot ` reasonablyappearpossible; t ` (3)Whethertheparentorguardianhasmaintainedregularvisitation L ` orothercontactwiththechild; 8 ` (4)Whetherameaningfulrelationshiphasotherwisebeenestablished ` ` betweentheparentorguardianandthechild; L ` (5)Theeffectachangeofcaretakersandphysicalenvironmentis $ ` likelytohaveonthechild semotional,psychological,andmental ` condition; ` (6)Whethertheparentorguardian,orotherpersonresidingwith ` theparentorguardian,hasshownbrutality,physical,sexual, p ` emotionalorpsychologicalabuse,orneglecttowardthechild,or \ ` anotherchildoradultinthefamilyorhousehold; H ` (7)Whetherthephysicalenvironmentoftheparent sorguardian s p ` homeishealthyandsafe,whetherthereiscriminalactivityinthe \ ` home,orwhetherthereissuchuseofalcoholorcontrolledsubstances H ` asmayrendertheparentorguardianconsistentlyunabletocare 4 ` forthechildinasafeandstablemanner; ` (8)Whethertheparent sorguardian smentaland/oremotional ` statuswouldbedetrimentaltothechildorpreventtheparentor ` guardianfromeffectivelyprovidingsafeandstablecareand ` supervisionforthechild;or l ` (9)Whethertheparentorguardianhaspaidchildsupport D! ` consistentwiththechildsupportguidelinespromulgatedbythe 0" ` departmentpursuantto365101. #l ! Tenn.CodeAnn.361113(i)(2001). $D # Inreviewingtheaforementionedfactors,weagreewiththechancerycourtthattermination & "% ofMr.Moore sparentalrightsisinD.L.B. sbestinterest.D.L.B.isaspecialneedschildwho '#& requiresconstanttreatmentandsupervisiontoprogressdevelopmentallyduetohersensory (#' integrationproblems.TherecordrevealsthatMr.Moorehasmadenoefforttoeducatehimself )$( concerningD.L.B. ssensoryintegrationproblemsortoarrangefortrainingtomeetherneeds. |*%) D.L.B. ssensoryintegrationproblemscausehertohaveproblemswithtransitionandchange. h+&* D.L.B.haslivedwiththeNicklesonsforalmostfouryearsandconsiderstheNicklesonsherfamily. Mrs.NicklesonprovidesD.L.B.withtwentyfourhourtreatmentforhersensoryintegration problemsduetoMrs.Nickleson scertificationinthisfield.Asaresult,theexpertproofattrial showedthatD.L.B.wouldlikelyregressdevelopmentallyandhaveamajorsetbackiftakenoutof t herpresentenvironmentinthatshewouldbecomewithdrawn,demonstratemoresensoryintegration ` problems,andlosetheprogressshehasmade. L WefindthatitishighlyunlikelythatMr.MoorecouldprovideD.L.B.withtheconstant $ t treatmentandsupervisionsherequirestoprogressdevelopmentally.Mr.Mooreworksfivetosix ` daysaweekforseventotenhoursperday.Mr.Moore ssistertestifiedthatshewouldcarefor L D.L.B.whileMr.Moorewasatwork,butsheisalreadyacaretakerforhermother,three 8 grandchildren,androommate.Mr.MoorestatedthatifhissisterdidnotcareforD.L.B.,thenhe $ wouldplaceD.L.B.indaycarewhilehewasatwork.Theexperttestimonyshowed,however,that daycarewasnotanoptionforD.L.B.duetohersensoryintegrationproblems.Theexpertproofalso showedthatitwouldbedetrimentaltoD.L.B. srespiratoryproblemstolivewithMr.Moorewho smokescigarettes.Finally,therecordrevealsthatMr.Moorefailedtodevelopameaningful relationshipwithD.L.B.duringtheirvisitation.Accordingly,wefindthatterminationofparental p rightsisinthebestinterestofD.L.B. \ @ SS# IV.Conclusion 4 Fortheforegoingreasons,thedecisionofthetrialcourtisaffirmed.Weremandthiscase \ tothetrialcourtforfurtherproceedingsconsistentwiththisopinion.Costsofthisappealaretaxed H againsttheAppellant,DavidMoore,andhissurety,forwhichexecutionmayissueifnecessary.# XS X X Xq # # X XSC # XS X 4 ` h ___________________________________ ` h ALANE.HIGHERS,JUDGE Sun tan lotion that | Sun Tan Lotion | Sun Tan Lotion Sponsored | Sun Tan Lotion Tanning | Sun Tan Lotion | Sun Tan Lotion | Sun Tan Lotion | Sun Tan Lotion | Sun Tan Lotion | Sun Tan Lotion | Sun Tan Lotion | sun tan lotion, tan | Sun Tan Lotion | Sun Tan Lotion | Sun Tan Lotion | Sun Tan Lotion | Sun Tan Lotion | Sun Tan Lotion | Sun Tan Lotion Sponsored | Sun Tan Lotion Cheap | After Shave 100ml/3.4oz PurchasesGiorgio Armani Emporio Armani He (100ml) AftershavePerfume & Aftershave - price comparison Search all categories Books Cars & Accessories Computers & Software DVD & Video Electronics Fashion & Lingerie Games, Consoles & Toys Gifts & Gadgets Health & Beauty Home & Garden Household Appliances Kelkoo For Business Mobiles, Phones & Faxes Money & Bills Music Sport & Fitness Travel Wine & Spirits Digital Cameras January Sales Home > Health & Beauty > Cosmetics & Skincare > Perfumes & Aftershaves >Compare prices Compare Prices on Giorgio Armani Emporio Armani He (100ml) Aftershave Overall Product Rating Write a review! 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Shopping guides Kelkoo Toolbar Shopping in Europe: Denmark / Sweden / Belgium (FR) / Belgium (NL) / France / Germany / Italy / Netherlands / Norway / Spain Generated : 27-01-2006 05:23:10 Sun Tan Lotion Sponsored | Sun Tan Lotion | Sun Tan Lotion | Sun Tan Lotion | Sun Tan Lotion | Sun Tan Lotion | Sun Tan Lotion Cheap | Sun Tan Lotion Cheap | Sun Tan Lotion | SUN TAN LOTION SPF15 | SUN TAN LOTION SPF8 | Sun Tan Lotion | Sun Tan Lotion Cheap | Sun Tan Lotion Cheap | Sun Tan Lotion Cheap | Sun Tan Lotion Cheap | Sun Tan Lotion Cheap | Microdermabrasion Microdermabrasion is a | microdermabrasion : Acne adult | Microdermabrasion Moisturizers Pore Cleansers | pore refiner and magnifyingBath & Spa products at MSN Shopping MSN Home My MSN Hotmail Shopping Money People & Chat Sign In Web search: Shopping Save this page Feedback Site map Help Home | Beauty | Books | Clothing | Computers | Deals | Electronics | Flowers | Home & Garden | Jewelry | Movies | Music | More ... Search Shopping Home > Beauty & Fragrance > Bath & Spa > $70 - $75 Bath & Spa Advertisement Featured Stores See all stores 84 items found Narrow your selection: Category Aromatherapy Bath Powders Shower Gels Bath & Spa Sets Bath & Body Oil Bath Soaks Spa Appliances Body Wash More... Brand Caudalie La Prairie Revlon Alexandra de Markoff B. Kamins, Chemist Cacharel Chanel Christian Dior More... Seller eBay.com PerfumeDistributor.com NORDSTROM.com Sephora.com Strawberrynet Perfume Bay Saltworks Valley Home Medical Supply More... Price range $70 - $75 See all options Show sale items only Show free shipping only Calculated in 0.203 seconds Previous Page 1 2 3 4 5 6 of 6 Next View: List Grid Text checked items Sort by Most popular Highest user rating Lowest price Highest price Name A-Z Name Z-A Bali Reef - Bath Salt - 40 lb. Bag (coarse) $71.60 Bali Reef Bath Salt - Traditional Bali sea salts are famous ... More for the ancient methods used to produce the crystals. First of all, the production is only possible during the dry months, as the warmth of the sun is the initial and final drying process. The sea water is placed in canal systems made of tree trunks for evaporation, which takes approximately one week. Then the solid salt crystals are hand carried to a drying platform, housed in a grass hut, fuelled by coconut husk fire. The sea salt crystals are then sun-dried again, and the final product is displayed on the beach for sale. For the people of Bali, the Sea is considered revered and sacred water. It is very significant to Balinese ceremonies and purification rituals. Many believe that the ocean water, under the full moon, is the most powerfully charged water. The sacred sea is believed to have the power to both purify and sanctify. Due to this traditional process, the texture of the salts will vary. The Bali salt crystals are a porous and light weight crystal making them ideal for absorbing essential oils. They dissolve quickly in water and have a pretty light grey color. The unique geometric shape of the crystals and the natural grey color make this a great salt to combine with dried herbs. No colorants are necessary to make a beautiful finished product. At 1 store | Details Rate it Versus Perfume for Women by Gianni Versace Set(Eau De Toilette Spray 1.7 Oz+Body Lotion 1.0 Oz+Shower Gel 1.0... by Versace $74.99 Gianni Versace introduced Versus in 1991; its a sharp, ... More oriental fragrance possessing feminine notes of rose, cedar wood, amber, musk and plum. Its best for casual wear. At 1 store | Details Rate it Homedics Beauty Spa Kit With Warm Mist Steamer, Cleansing Kit and Satin Nickel Mirror by HoMedics $72.89 Beautiful Reflections Can Be YoursFacial collection ... More includes steamer, cleanser, pore refiner and magnifying mirror. Features A Facial Steamer, Facial Cleanser & Pore Refiner, and Illuminated Beauty Mirror are included to provide all the tools needed for complete facial care. Warm mist facial steamer cleanses and refreshes your face for a clearer and softer complexion. Facial Cleanser & Pore Refiner system deeply cleanses below the skins surface to reveal healthy and fresh-looking skin. 2-sided illuminated beauty mirror with incandescent light provides glare-free and shadow-free 5x magnified and normal viewing. At 1 store | Details Rate it Serenity Gift Baskets by GiftBaskets.com $74.99 Treat someone to a day at the spa without them having to ... More leave home. This basket will include a body scrub, soothing eye mask, body butter, mud mask, Hawaiian bath crystals, bath pillow, colorful sponge and a scented candle. $74.99 as shown. At Giftbaskets.com | Details Rate it Bath Spa - NOW 50% OFF! by Off! $70.00 Turn your bathtub into a soothing spa. Multidirectional, ... More dual hydro-jets with two adjustable nozzles allow a customized buttle massage to soothe tired, overworked muscles. Fits all standard tubs. Includes 16 cord, three suction cups, removable filter and ACLI safety feature. Product available and ready to ship. At 1 store | Details Rate it MD Skincare Dr. Dennis Gross Alpha Beta Daily Face Peel by MD Skincare Dr. Dennis Gross $72.00 Formulated to improve skin firmness, tone, and texture, ... More Alpha Beta diminishes the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles, boosts skin density and vitality, and reduces pore size and breakouts, as it gently restores radiance to the skin, with a blend of alpha and beta hydroxy acids. Delivers cumulative benefits and optimal results with daily use. System includes 30 Alpha Beta Peel Pads and 30 Neutralizing System Pads 30-day supply. At Sephora.com | Details Free shipping on orders over $75 Rate it Fendi Donna Perfume for Women by Fendi Dusting Powder 5.3 Oz by Fendi $74.99 Launched by the design house of Fendi in 1985, FENDI is ... More classified as a luxurious, oriental, woody fragrance. This feminine scent possesses a blend of leather, rose, sandalwood, amber and musk. It is recommended for romantic wear. At 1 store | Details Rate it SATURNIA by SATURNIA - Saturnia Spa Protection Fluid 1.7 oz for Women $70.99 SATURNIA fragrances for men or women by SATURNIA All ... More SATURNIA Perfumes, Colognes and other products we sell are name brand originals, produced and bottled by the original manufacturers. These are the exact fragrances you will find at your local department store. We never sell knock offs, spoofs or fakes. At www.Perfume.com | Details Up to 70% off Discount Fragrances Rate it Body Beneifts Dual Jet Bath Spa $71.46 Powerful, multidirectional, dual bubble and water jets can ... More be independently adjusted for personal comfort. Mood light with intensity adjustment emanates a soft, pleasing, amber light. Mounts with adjustable bracket and 3 suction cups to fit any size tub. Telescopic waterproof housing adjusts nozzle depth. Includes generous 16' adapter line cord and removable filter. U.L. listed. One-year warranty. 6 lbs. At 1 store | Details Rate it Ocean Dream Perfume for Women by Giorgio Beverly Hill Dusting Powder 5.3 Oz by giorgio Beverley Hills $74.99 The design house for Giorgio Beverly Hills launched Ocean ... More Dream in 1996; its been known for its flowery, fresh fragrance merging with notes of orange blossom, water flowers along with hints of ocean air. Its intended for daywear. At 1 store | Details Rate it Tiffany by Tiffany & Co. for Women 5.3 oz Perfumed Dusting Powder (Box Slightly Damaged) by Tiffany $70.00 Lauched in 1.7 by the creators of fine jewelry, Tiffany is ... More an esquiste fragrance that expresses elegance and sensuality. This luxurious fragrance is a warm blend of jasmine, iris, rose and orange. At 1 store | Details Rate it B. Kamins Chemist Maple Body Kit by B. Kamins, Chemist $72.00 Turn your bathroom into an at-home spa with a pampering ... More Maple body kit, exclusively from B. Kamins, Chemist. Kit contains a 8 oz Maple Sugar Body Scrub and a 8 oz Maple Body Lotion in a beautiful gift box with bow. At Sephora.com | Details Free shipping on orders over $75 Rate it B. Kamins Chemist Starter Kit - Baby Boomer Skin by B. Kamins, Chemist $70.00 B. Kamins, Chemist Starter Kits make an ideal gift, travel ... More collection, or gym bag set for men and women, and include six products that cleanse, moisturize, soothe, and repair. Kit includes a 2 oz Flower Water Treatment Spray, .5 oz Cellular Renewal Serum, .5 oz Nutrient Replacement Cream- Menopause Skin Cream, 2 oz Menopause Body Lotion, .5 oz Revitalizing Booster Concentrate, and a .25 oz Eye Cream, packaged in a B. Kamins signature gift box. 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Catherine F. asks: I don't have a serious acne problem, but I can see pimples that are starting on my face. I almost always have about 4 big annoying zits on my face. I have just started using Clean and Clear daily pore cleanser. Does this work? Also does benzoyl peroxide acne spot stuff work that you know of? Oh and sometimes if i have a zit with the white thing at the end I will put a tiny dab of toothpaste only on the white part and then later pull the liitle toothpaste thing off and then the entire white thing gets pulled out and my zit maybe bleeds a little bur clears up faster. Is this okay or will it cause scarring? Rainbo has an answer for Allison: Hey Allison -- try and use proactive solution or a Retin A cream!! Or you should just go and see a dermatologist!! Dharma says: SUNLIGHT WORKS!!! I would agree with whoever wrote this also, that sunlight really does help clear up your acne A LOT!! I used to have a lot of acne, but now that it is summer, I have gone outside a lot, and my face has totally cleared up! It is wonderful! Hope this advice helps you!!! Rainbo says: Hey!! Try Neutrogena acne body wash!! Kirsten F. says: Dawn Dish Liquid Soap works great!!!!! Like they say, "It gets rid of tough grease!!!" ben says: There is an acne cream called "clean and clear persigel" and it works good. It has 10% benezol peroxide that dries up the pimple. Kendra asks: I looked at a bunch of things about zits and pimples on the internet. Pretty much all of them say not to pop your zits. I plan to keep this advice. But what do we do to the zits to get rid of them without popping them? Do we just let heal by themselves? Do we use a special soap? Let me know AS SOON AS YOU CAN!!!!!!! 2pac says: This is 2pac from the underworld, I'm dead and I have no zits, zits are just a state of mind, if you want to get rid of them just use some cleanser keep clean and cross your fingers and they'll go away sooner rather than later, don't spend you rmoney on these bloody creams and shiznit like that, look at my pictures in the paper, I never had any pimples. Eric H. says: I strongly believe in the "Freeman" face care line. To clear up T-zoneacne try: A mild cleanser followed by a peel-off mask, then aastringent. After this try Neutrogena Multi-Vitamin acne treatment forthe day. At night try using a oil-controlling pad after you wash yourface. Kelly says: go to ask.com -- loads of info on the subject of acne. Pat G. says: I have been having trouble with my pimples or zits if you prefer for about 3 years now. I am 11 and I have only had no more then 10 noticeable pimples on my head at a time. I have tried Clearasil, pads, ceasil gel, Noxzema, special face washes. I have tried to not eat any sort of candy or junk food for a long period of time (3 weeks). And yet no matter what I try or do my pimples keep coming back. I do not know what to do. I have gone to over a dozen sites trying to figure out wha is wrong. I dont know if there is a certain part of the body that shows stress, oil, or just plain dead skin tissue. Please tell me what is wrong. Millie says: Purpose Facial Cleanser is the best face wash out there, dead serious!!!!! I used it once, and within one week, my pimples were gone!!!!! I was so happy, that I picked up Purpose Moisturizer, and, boy, does that work wonders! And, as always, don't pick your blemishes!!!! Good luck. Amber says: well, what can i say. this site is disgusting. however, i've decided to help all of you teens in puberty. i, being almost 17, no longer suffer from the oily skin and pimples. my mom is a licensed cosmetologist (hair stylist, etc) and she has been working on skin, nails, and hair for almost 20 years. she has always told me to pop my zits, but to use a warm compress before and afterwards. i did what i was told, and i've never had a scar or red mark more than 5 minutes after i popped. my point is, if your pimples bother you guys that muxh, dont pay the money for an expensive dermatologist if u dont have acne, and just pop those buggers. just be sure to keep your skin soft by using warm compresses. acne is a disease, pimples are not. Xsweetx aks: How can you make the red marks go away??? They're not scars it is just red Lauren H. says: I think popping zits can work and can't work. I have zits and I popped one of them and they went away. The I popped another one and it came back. It just depends on the zits. I think 1 out of 5 times if you pop a zit it will come back. Megan M. says: Hi everyone!!Well, I'm almost 13 and I have had acne for over a year. It used to bother me, but it is a lot better. They say that 80% of teens have acne. My say is where are the rest of the 80%?! Everyone I know is clear! Though acne isn't a walk in the park, people shouldn't judge you by your looks. If they do, they are just jealous (yes I said jealous!!). People like that are too good for you to even mess with. If acne is really getting you down, go see a derm. I went and now my skin isn't perfect, but it's the best it's ever been. Also, to all yo ladies out there, makeup does wonders!! Just make sure it's non-comedogenic, so it won't clog your pores. Also, getting a professional facial is great for your skin. The professional will pop any clogged pore you have in a manner that does not scar. (but I warn you, this procedure is long and the "popping" hurts. Afterwards, you realize how clogged your skin was. The end result is smooth, acne-free skin. After a month, you go again.) The final word: only the special people get acne!! Good luck and my love goes to all of you!! Melissa says: I read an article on Neutrogena's website it said "No. Eating fattening foods like chocolate DOES NOT cause zits." Amber says: I have a fairly bad acne problem so i started using Clean & Clear deep action cream cleanser my zits got worse, but 1 week later they were gone. The answer is: It had to bring all that gross oil and bacteria up from its hiding place. Bill asks: I'm 16 & have a date in 2 days & my face broke out bad this week Please help me!!!!!!!!!!!!!! What should i do???????? Dan says: My name is Dan & I have acne, I don't know why but I only get them on the left side of my forehed (TONS OF 'EM) no where else & no matter what I try I just get more & more. HELP ME!!!! Jennifer says: Hey I read in a magazine that if you wash your face or use a $5.00 cleanser then you have a 89% of the same effect. To stop zits you need to wash your face 2 times and if you wear make-up, then make sure you take it ALL off before you go to bed. You can also rub Pepsodent on the zit and keep appling it daily and in a week you should see results. Maggie asks: i absolutely hate my scars..i hardly get any zits but i have so many scars on my forehead and i don't pick my zits either...what do i do and will my scars ever go away? p.s. and i also hate the fact that my friends have perfect skin..it sux Jen says: To kristin: Use this stuff called Cetaphil (TM), it works really good. You can get it at any store like WalMart! hollow person says: don't eat chocolate -- even though it is good. Don't drink too many sodas, drink about 6 glasses of water a day. Don't scrub your face in the shower -- simply wash with a mild soap gently. try not to stress yourself out just try relax and take it easy most of the time. Do your homework when you get home and don't wait until the last minute to start a school project. I don't care if you don't like water, just drink it any way and it will help. Sometimes clearasil tinted cream seems to work. make sure you use after you have thoroughly washed and rinsed you face. It is better to have dry skin than a big pimple so make a paste of salt and water for those whoppers this decreases the redness, noticeability, an the size of the big one. If you are really active, make sure you cleanse your face after sweating heavily, sweat cleanses your pores but its not good for the stuff to lay on your skin. Get sunshine which is good . Hope this helps Shiekema says: Hi! My zits are gone. I just want to get the spots from off of my skin. Please send me some advice on what i can do about it. Please it would help me alot. Thank you. Redwodog says: I have tons of zits! My mom has spent a lot of money on products to get rid of them but it doesn't work! This one thing called Natures Cure worked for a little while but then on the second month it stoped working. I don't eat greasy foods that much. I don't want to see a doctor so what should I do? When I don't pop my zits or pimples puss comes out and then it is a whitehead and my friends tease me and once my step-sister told me not to look at her because she didn't want to look at the white head so I just popped it and the a blemish came up. What should i do? Please I need Help!!!!!!!!!!!!! Lindsey H. says: Hey Peoples,I have pimples and all this talk about not popping them is a big lie because mine just get worse an worse but when I pop them they go away! So there!!!! Alex says: Try using vitamin E cream or oil to clear up your scars. Thats what i do, and it works pretty well. another thing to try is Neutrogena Multi Vitamin treatment. its expensive, but i think its worth it. EatDaLight says: Well, about a month ago I had zits. I went to the dermo, and he gave me Retin-A which works better then anything and I have tried EVERYTHING. It is very depressing but now I feel really good about myself. Tell your parents it's more than just growing up if they say no to dermo.... it really does hurt when people stare at your zits when they are talking to you.... oh yeah, anybody will tell you picking zits is bad! Faye W. says: yo ppl... just wanna let u know that i drink like 12 cups of water a day....gawd maybe more!! trying to get rid of these zits on my face is a NEVERENDING battle! anyway...i went to a dermatologist and nothing really seems to work....the thing is MY DAD had zits!! he's got poxy holes now which is gross. I think it's GENETIC! if both your parents don't have zits...then u WON'T get em....if one does...then it's 50 50!! i've got em on my cheeks and forehead which sux bad! but...i aint POPPING em' coz they will HEAL! i'm just drinking my water and peeing all day but hey....i have friends that don't JUDGE me by my looks which is so cool.... zit! Heidi says: Hi everyone, My name is Heidi. I am 36 years old and have suffered with acne for the past 20 years. I've had this problem longer than most of you have been around. I've tried everything!! I still get the pesky buggers, but less frequently now. Here's my advice: 1 - Get the book "The Complete Idiot's Guide to Beautiful Skin" by Marsha Gordon, available at your library, bookstore, or amazon.com. It is written by a dermatologist who gives the lowdown on many products, the ingredients in them, how to wash skin, moisturize, etc. Many products on the market say they are "oil-free", however, they are not. i.e., Neutrogena's oil free combination skin moisturizer contains silicon oil (dimathicone). These oils are lighter then say mineral or animal oils, but for acne prone skin, it can still cause breakouts. 2 - Talk to your family doctor before you see a specialist. Many doctors prescribe large doses of medications that change the chemical composition of not only your skin, but of your brain neurotransmitters, i.e.. Accutane effects seratonin levels in the brain which can cause depression. Tetracycline and other strong antibiotics affect hormonal levels (can turn teeth yellow, and antibiotics reduce the effectiveness of birth control pills dramatically!! Girls who menstruate and are sexually active, be very careful, please.) Chances are your family doctor has treated you for years and will know your tolerance for medications and your complete medical history. 3 - Most important to remember, acne is most likely your body's response to hormonal changes (boys and girls). Your skin is the largest organ in/around your body. You are what you eat and drink. Reduce sugar and fat, increase water, fruit, veggie and grain intake, and in some cases supplement with vitamins A and E. Aloe vera works wonders on fresh blemishes; and if you take zinc, remember to increase copper intake to avoid deficiency. 4 - Talk to your friends, siblings and doctors. You are not alone. We've all gone through it. And forget about the models in the magazines. The editors airbrush all imperfections on the models to unrealistic levels. No one has skin that clear. You are wonderful unique individuals whom God loves. Don't let acne get the best of your spirit. Judge yourself and others buy who you are, not how you/they look. That pimply faced girl/boy could just be the best friend you ever had. I wish you all luck and God's speed. Truly, a friend who's been there. Robert A. says: I have a problem with zits and pimples too. I hate them and they get me mad and make me feel like I am ugly. Well I pop them anyways because when I pop them it gets rid of the infection. You know, that white stuff that comes out. Are there any other solutions for me???? Sofia says: Hi, I don't get a lot of pimples, but I would still like a clean, clear face. I visited this website called Absolute Acne info. It has recipies for facial masks that are really easy to make. I haven't tried them yet , but the people that posted the recipies say they do a lot of good. There is a Honey Oatmeal Mask that is for oily skin: Mix some honey and oatmeal into a paste and apply to skin for 15 minutes. The oatmeal will absorb the oil from your skin. Another mask is: a half cup of natural yogurt; a couple of chopped strawberries and a half cup of oats. Put all the ingredients in a blender until smooth. Then put the mixture on your face with your fingers. Lie back for 15 mins and relax. Also, you can put cucumbers on your eyes and it will boost things up! Hope you have fun trying these recipies. There are more at absoluteacneinfo.com . Kaleena says: Hey I have the same probs.! By changing cleansers more often the face doesn't know what to do and produces more zits. What I'd do is wash the face with a low chemical product and go on with your life as if they aren't even there. DON'T USE MAKE-UP!!!!!!!!!!!!!the worst thing you want to do is make more oil! stay loose, have fun and go through life easily. Allie asks: I was wondering what the best wash to use is and then afterwards what's the best cream to put on it? John H. says: I say you shouldn't pop them. Cuz I used this sunless tanning lotion crap, and it made me break out, BAD! So I popped all 24 of those monsters. But then I broke out with littler ones, and I still had the big ones! So I popped the big ones again, and I put needles in the little ones. That didn't work either!!! So my mom took me to a dermotologist or somethin' and he said that it wasn't acne, but a rash from a chemical in the lotion. And he said by me popping the rash zits, I cause real acne zits to form. And I was in big trouble!! So then he gave me some medicine, Monocycline or something. That did wonders!! It cleared up the rash over night! but I was still stuck with those darn small ones! :( So I was watching TV, and I saw this Igia Clear thing. It's this kick-ass thing that is like a wand, and you put it up to the zit, and in like 20 seconds, it's gone!! So, I tryed this, and POW!! My complexion was back!! (Cuz I had like perfect skin before this incident, and all my friends had some sort of skin problem, and they like all admired me and stuff, but when I broke out, REALLY BAD, they said "Haha I knew you'd get acne sometime!" But now I'm back to normal!! :) FINALLY!!) That whole process took from May to August! Practically my whole summer. Wayne says: I've had a zit problem since I was 10 or 11. First I tried Phisoderm and Clearasil and found that they worked pretty well. I also heard about these herbs called Women's Gold and Men's Special by Kroeger herb, which is used to control hormones. Then my mom got some advice about some products. I am trying Neutrogena and I am going to see how that works! The weird thing is that I have more zits on my back and chest. I hate it because I can't wear low cut shirts or tank tops most of the time. Melissa says: i've been reading a lot of magazines and searching the internet on how to get rid of acne. What was said is that facial cleanser does not really have all that much to do with acne. Considering that most of the facial cleansers like neutrogena and clean and clear are all just lies, they don't really deep cleanse anything. You have to wash your face, of course, but if you are having acne problems it has more to do with what's going on inside your body. Topical gels work very well, also taking zinc (100mg MAX. per day) and vitaminA supplements helps alot. however if you take these vitamins you also have to balance it out with very little amounts of copper and manganese. So, it would also be helpful to take a multi vitamin pill with the zinc supplement pills every day. It's been proven to reduce your acne by 87%, though every case varies, there's still a good chance it will work well for anyone. i'm trying it out right now, so i'll just have to wait and see what happens. =) hope i helped =) Dave asks: I have a question. I use all sorts of wash, Clearasil, Freeman face wash -- like all of them!!!I tried Noxzema, Mary Kate acne cream, Freeman face masks, mud mask, peel of mask, astringent, Sea Breeze and more, but none of them seem to work, I get pimples anyway!! Can you help me find something that works? I also tried different techniques like steaming it. I try so much but nothing seems to work. HELP! Stephanie says: Well.... first of all, junk foods like chocolate and other stuff like that doesn't cause zits/pimples/blackheads (whatever ya wanna call them). Zits are just caused by dirt and oil invading the pore and then your white blood cells come to the rescue and try to fight off the bacteria which causes puss. I have found that washing your face with an antibacterial cleanser such as stridex anti-bacterial foaming face wash, then using an astringent like clean and clear, or whatever sounds good to you works. After you have washed your face apply something like Oxy Balance Deep Action Night Formula, and then if you have like a couple really major zits, apply something like Clean and Clear Maximum Strength Persa Gel to each individual zit. This sounds like a lot of stuff to do to your face, but it really works, take it from me. I hope my advice helps you! Jade says: I have zits and I know how painful it can be but try not to wash your face with really hot water and if you are having a shower don't stay in there to long.it will dry out your skin and make it produce more sebum. I have a question: if anyone can tell me what you do when you have sensitive skin AND acne it would be very much appreciated. I can't wash my face with any normal acne face washes because I get eczema and it makes it worse. And another thing, isn't it weird how your friends and the people around you never have zits? Faye says: i was just surfin the web and came across this zit thing.....anyway.. i have zits myself and i do see a dermo.... so anyway.... mine have not cleared up and i drink so much water i gotta pee every 5 seconds..... i try not to eat fried food and crap so i hope they clear up....but i have these terrible red scars on my face.....so...do u think it's good putting ICE on it?? i'm desperate for advice from someone who knows his job...UNLIKE MY DERMO!!! cyberchick asks: I only get zits at my hair line and i dont know how to get rid of them. I don't use any hair products that would bring them out. -- could it be my shampoo? also how do you get rid of black heads under the skin? Lynn asks: To Angela B.: Hey, I just read your thing about acne scars. I have no clue how old this is, so i don't know how relevant this will be, but i also have scars left behind. Did you ever find a way to make them go away? I hate having to wear makeup to cover up, is there any makeup you've found that works good either? thanks! Karen says: To get rid of your acne try to keep really low on caffeine. I notice when I have a lot of caffeine my acne flourishes a week later. Also look into Fostex acne cream -- I hear it works great. QTgyrl says: Deal with it! Acne I mean. I have had problems with this since I was 8 years old, and I still have it, but only recently have I been serious about it. If I don't get rid of it by the time that I am an adult, I will have this very ugly and permanent scarring. Right now I do have some scarring, but it is fairly mild. I am 13 years old and I already have to deal with the complications of ACNE! I have it hereditarily, meaning through my mother and father, and I have stress and the whole 9 yards. I have been dealing with acne for 5 years, and I think I have tried about every topical medicine that there is. The only pills that I have taken are called ERYTHROMYCIN. I am still on it. I use a number of topicals. One of them is CLEOCIN T liquid. The other one has sulphur in it. Oh, I also use DIFFERIN, which works well for me. Well, good luck curing acne. Anonymous contribution: Any kid with a serious acne problem needs to be seen by a dermatologist. You do a disservice to those kids who have anything more than mild acne. Besides the risk of scarring, poor self-esteem and psychological problems can result in kids with severe acne. Snork asks: Right now my skin looks absolutely awful! i mean i use enough stuff on my face -- it should be clean -- i use that new facewash, clearstick, nature's cure, and those oxy pads.... and a night mask. how come my face isn't clear? Kara asks: I have lots of zits on my back and shoulders. How can I get rid of them. I hate them so much! I also found out that Freeman Face Mask works well. I put it on and peel it off and it seems to dry the zits up. Then in a few days they are gone. So if you have any info., please HELP!! Stewart says: I tried antibiotics, creams, washes, astringents and everything else I found at the store and after seeing a doctor. The only thing that helped me was a natural exfoliator "LEMON." Wash your face with warm water, put on lemon juice, wait ten minutes to let dry and wash it off with cold water. Wait a week to see results. Click here to see some even older contributions. Click here to see our earliest contributions and here to see our recent zits. Warning!! If you are having problems with zits, you might need to see a doctor. If your problems are serious you should consult with your parents, and see a dermatologist, if necessary. chaosKIDS makes no specific recommendations . We do not endorse, use, or have any financial interest in any of the products, websites, or services mentioned in the many messages that appear on our site. Please use care before following any of this advice and particularly before purchasing or using any products. If you are under the age of 18, be sure to consult with your parents before following any advice, or purchasing any products. As you can see from the above, lots of people have zits and there are a variety of different opinions on what should be done about them. This page merely provides a place to air the many opinions on dealing with these tricky little buggers. The comments and messages shown above do not necessarily reflect our opinions on these matters. We display them so that you can get a sense of the diversity of opinion on these sticky matters. Microdermabrasion - Micropigmentation Microdermabrasion | microdermabrasion , microdermabrasion kit | Microdermabrasion, laser hair removal, | Microdermabrasion This Month's Shopping | microdermabrasion? 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One mechanism by which vitamin A promotes youthful cell production is to facilitate the stimulating effects of epidermal growth factor. Another agent that stimulates cell renewal is kinetin. Like vitamin A, kinetin helps assist epidermal growth factors in bringing young cells to the surface of the skin. Some reports indicates that kinetic diminishes fine lines and wrinkles similar to Retin A without the irritation. The pioneering work of Benjamin S Frank, MD showed that RNA improved cellular energy and the movement of young cells to the surface of the skin where they replace old cells. Clinical trials by the Elizabeth Arden company demonstrated how creams containing RNA/DNA caused a visible lifting/tightening of the skin, while the wrinkles appeared to be less visible in just 21 days. The new Rejuvenex® contains all these cell renewal agents, I e vitamin A (retinyl palmitate), kinetin and RNA. Rejuvenex® is the only cream in the world that provides the complete moisturizing complex, including NaPCA , lactic acid, urea, hyaluronic acid and Ceraphyl® NGA, all of which are lost in the dry, wrinkled skin of the elderly. Cumulaive daily sunlight exposure results in significant skin damage and premature aging. The new Rejuvenex® contains avobenzone to absorb UVA sunrays, octyl salicylate to block UVB rays, and micronized zinc to block UVC rays. With 25 active ingredients, the new Rejuvenex® is by far the most potent and comprehensive antiaging skin cream on the market. It should be applied to the face every morning before your first encounter with the sun. It readily penetrates the skin and can be worn under makeup. Rejuvenex® can also be reapplied at night if desired. Ingredients: Purified water, alkoxylated diester, isocetyl steroyl stearate, octyl salicylate, glycolic acid, cetyl alcohol, stearyl alcohol, dimethicone, butyl methoxydibenzoylmethane, maleated soybean oil (Ceraphyl NGA), potato (Solanum tuberosum) starch, safflower (Carthamus tinctorius) oil, dimethylaminoethanol bitartrate (DMAE), retinyl palmitate (vitamin A), ascorbyl palmitate (vitamin C), sodium ascorbyl phosphate (vitamin C), tocopheryl acetate (vitamin E), tocopherol (vitamin E), alpha-lipoic acid, sodium hyaluronate, sodium PCA, RNA, beta glucan, kinetin, lactic acid, allantoin, panthenol (vitamin B), glycerin, squalane, zinc oxide, ginseng (Panax ginseng) extract, arginine, aloe barbadensis gel, glyceryl stearate, PEG-100 stearate, phenoxyethanol, urea, lavender (Lavandula angustifolia) oil, propylparaben, methylparaben, disodium EDTA, imidazolidinyl urea, passion flower essential oil blend, ylang ylang (cananga adorata) oil. Dosage and use - Smooth a small amount of cream on clean face and neck, morning and night. May be used alone or under makeup. Keep out of reach of children. For external use only. Avoid contact with eyes. If rash or irritation occurs, please discontinue use and contact a physician. 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