Anti Aging

RED HERRING | The Business of Technology Thursday, January 26, 2006 Advanced Search -- -- Log in | Join the RH community - it's FREE -- Capital Industries Profiles Q&A Regions Briefings Anti-Aging Biotech/GMO Energy: The Grid Nanotech Security Smart Phones Telecom Utility Computing Wi-Fi Metrics Research Newsletters Events RSSfeeds -- Subscribe Now Customer Service Advertisement - MARKETS - Anti-Aging Frozen futures Cold comfort for the aging: researcher Ralph Merkle defends the controversial science of cryonics, saying that putting your body on ice gives medical innovation a chance to catch up. Obesity Linked to Aging Research finds classic signs of aging in cells of obese women and female smokers. New Info on Blindness Gene New finding may push forward treatments for age-related macular degeneration, the most common cause of blindness in the elderly. The everlasting boomer Anti-aging products have center stage in biotechnology’s next wave of innovation. Roundworms: Anti-aging’s special agents A worm – and its potential to make a mid-life crisis the problem of 90-year-olds – puts Cynthia Kenyon on the cutting-edge of anti-aging research. RECENT ARTICLES • The Future: Baby boomers, large and in charge • Anti-aging sector analysis • The Future: High-tech targets the elderly • Nicotine: You’ve come a long way, baby • Titans of Tech: Anti-aging drugs, cure or quackery? • Vanity sells ADVERTISEMENT Innovation Pipeline Last Chance for Gas Oil starts running out in three decades, max. The sun will keep shining for another 8 billion years. Do the math. Whether they like them or not, venture capitalists will have to embrace energy alternatives sooner or later. VCs with foresight are finding bright ideas and funding them now. RH Digital Get a Digital Subscription of Red Herring Today! With Red Herring Digital, you can get instant access to Red Herring Magazine from anywhere in the world. Receive 48 DIGITAL issues at the special low rate of just $38 and save over 80% off the U.S. cover price! Click here to get the Red Herring in digital today! RH Events RH Venture Market America Every year since 1996, Red Herring has used its unique expertise and an extensive nomination process to select the most promising of these emerging growth champions in North America: the Red Herring 100 Private Companies . Click here to find out more regarding nominating your company or registering. Red Herring Sponsors: RED HERRING Sponsors Articles | Blog | Research | Newsletters | Events New User Registration | Search | About Us | Letter from the Editor | Advertising Info | Magazine Customer Service | Contact Us | Careers | RSS feeds © 1993-2006 Red Herring, Inc. All rights reserved.

GORGEOUS SKIN WITH WONDER

Skin disorders, problem skin, Ozonated Wonder Gel The ultimate defense against problem skin. Wonder Gel is an effective aid for: -Psoriasis -Herpes -Shingles -Eczema -Acne -Wrinkles and so much more! //-- //-- //-- Welcome Thank you for selling me your Wonder Gel. I have struggled with psoriasis for years and never found any topical ointment prescribed by my doctor or dermatologist to be very effective. A few applications of your Wonder Gel produced an amazing result. I am told psoriasis can not be totally cured, it is now completely under control. Paul Salmon Arm, BC HAVE GORGEOUS SKIN WITH WONDER GEL - LOOK BETTER AND FEEL BETTER -- Problem skin can impact our life in a very negative way. We dont want to leave the house, our self-esteem is shattered and in extreme situations, we experience physical pain and discomfort. Wonder Gel can help! What is Wonder Gel? Wonder Gel is ozonated pure virgin olive oil. The active ingredient, Ozone (O 3 ), a triatomic form of oxygen, is bubbled through pure virgin olive oil until the oil solidifies to a gel, trapping the Ozone . The gel becomes highly oxygenated and is therapeutic for many annoying skin disorders. The application of Wonder Gel increases the local oxygen supply to the affected area, improves and speeds healing, kills viruses, fungi, protozoa and bacteria. Microbes, the problem causing bacteria, are generally anaerobic, meaning they thrive in an oxygen-starved environment. When highly oxygenated Wonder Gel is applied, the microbes are destroyed. What can Wonder Gel do for me? Wonder Gel is an effective aid for many problematic skin disorders. If you or someone you know is experiencing a persistent, annoying skin condition, its time to try Wonder Gel! Order on-line or contact us for more information HERE . Just a few of the conditions Wonder Gel can aid: Dermatitis Seborrhea Eczema Herpes Shingles Dermatomycoses Psoriasis Staphylococcus Carbuncles Cellulitis Impetigo Sweat gland infections Ringworm Skin yeast Tinea versicolour Dry skin Athletes foot Insect bites Skin ulcers Cuts and scrapes Rashes Ozone Gaining Wide Acceptance Medical Ozone is used all over the world to treat many different health problems. It has become extremely popular and is receiving widespread acceptance throughout the medical profession. There is extensive information available on the internet. Search for Ozone therapy or activated oxygen and you will uncover many interesting articles and different uses for Ozone. Results will vary depending on skin type and as with any gel or skin product test for skin reaction before applying a generous amount. Discontinue use of this product should a reaction occur. ©2004 Fly Hills, makers of Wonder Gel. Site design by Prima Design.

Spa Salt

Akasha Spa and Salon - Beauty & Fitness - Salt Lake City, UT, 84102 - Citysearch BOC Spa & Beauty: Vote for your fave today -- New to Citysearch? Sign In · Help · Jan 26 2006 Home Restaurants & Bars Hotels Shopping Spa & Beauty Movies Events See More Categories » Search Business name, category, and/or keyword Search by name only Address, city & state, or zip Address, city & state, or zip | Neighborhood Address, city & state, or zip | Airport Address, city & state, or zip | Attraction Select a Utah Neighborhood Select an Utah Airport Select an Utah Attraction My Locations Add/edit locations Recent Locations Clear recent locations Save to My Citysearch Printer Friendly Version Home · Yellow Pages · Beauty & Fitness · Barbers · Profile Spa and Beauty: Best Spa 2006 Vote now for Akasha Spa and Salon, or view more categories . Akasha Spa and Salon 363 S 500 E Salt Lake City, UT 84102 (801) 364-3330 Editorial Profile Ignore the location and enjoy the tranquility you'll feel after a treatment a... Read More | User Reviews (12) 9.5 Overall Highly Recommended About our ratings Ratings feedback Send to a Friend Business Info Hours: · Mon-Fri 9am-9pm · Sat 9am-7pm · Sun 12pm-6pm Payment: · American Express · Check · Discover · MasterCard · Visa Parking: · Lot Own this business? » Enhance or edit your listing See something wrong? » Suggest a correction Things to do nearby: 363 S 500 E Salt Lake City, UT 84102 · Restaurants · Hotels · Bars · Movie Theaters · Department Stores · Shopping Centers & Malls · Grocery Stores · Pharmacies · Florists · Banks Related Searches · Salt Lake City Beauty & Fitness · Search anything in Utah · Search Yellow Pages in Utah · Search other Cities · Browse Utah Editorial Lists Akasha Spa and Salon A message from this business Mention Citysearch and receive 10% off any services on Monday & Tuesday 6-Station Spa Pedicure Room! Kerastase Consultant Salon Massage Facials Hair & Nails View more Are you craving the perfect bridal shower? How about a pedicure party for up to 12 people at Akasha in Salt Lake City?Akasha, Salt Lake's most complete day spa and salon, would love to pamper and indulge you and up to 11 of your best friends in our special pedicure party room. Our luxurious six station pedicure room, the largest in Utah, features sassy green Cleopatra chairs and plenty of space for a "girls' night out." While the first six lucky gals get their "ultimate" pedicures, we'll provide manicures and neck massages for the rest of the party. And since no party is complete without food, drink and great tune, we'll take care of those too.Visit us www.akashaspace.com to see why Salt Lake Magazine just named us "The Best of The Beehive"! Close Citysearch Editorial Profile -- By Jordana Brown Ignore the location and enjoy the tranquility you'll feel after a treatment at this downtown spa. Editorial Rating: Highly Recommended The Scene This pristine spa is tucked away inside an unassuming, two-story brick building in a nondescript area of downtown. There's a burbling fountain in the tiny lobby, with the salon and cosmetics counter upstairs and treatment rooms downstairs. The changing rooms are large and feature plenty of smaller chambers for the modest to change in, along with every possible amenity you might need, from deodorant and a stack of fluffy towels to lockers and hair dryers. The Services Envelop yourself in a fluffy robe and sip on herbal tea while waiting for your practitioner in the peaceful, quiet antechamber. All treatments have names like "Days of Wine and Rosemary" and "Mother Nurture" and center around aromatherapy and relaxation. The Waves of Tranquility massage is a basic Swedish affair accompanied by the sound of waves playing quietly in the background. Also offered is an extensive menu of body facials and the Ancient Ayurvedic Face Treat. The Details Steam room, Pilates, yoga. Massage, body treatments, facials, hair removal, manicure/pedicure, full-service salon. Editorial content is independent of paid advertisers. Any expenses are paid for by Citysearch. Insider Tips Parking There's a large free lot behind the building with plenty of space for parking. When to Go Get there 15 minutes before your treatment to allow time to change and enjoy a cup of tea. Know Before You Go Reserve with a credit card and be sure to cancel more than 24 hours before your treatment to avoid service charges. User Reviews What users are saying Satisfaction: yes Sanitary: yes Sales Pressure: no On time: yes Evening hours: yes Write a review and share your thoughts with other users. Great Place Posted by odessadpt on 01/07/2006 I am from Houston Texas and have been looking for a great place to get my hair done. I found it here. The staff was honest and did a great job and I love my hair cut and color. While the wait was >30 min it was worth it. It was relaxing and wonderful. Would reccomend this to anyone. Pros: Friendly, Relaxing, Honest Overall user rating: Highly Recommended Was this review helpful: Yes or No | Request removal of this review » Read all 12 reviews Related Editorial Content Local Wedding Resources Your guide to Utah's wedding resources, from florists and dress shops to ceremony and reception sites. Spotlight: Yoga and Pilates Improve core strength, tighten abs and achieve better mental health. Find top yoga and Pilates studios in Utah. 24/7 in Utah From a 24-hour restaurant to a shop or gym that never closes, find the best spots for night owls in Utah. View More » Specialty ratings for Akasha Spa and Salon: 9.3 Hair Salon Vote 9.7 Massage Vote 9.4 Spa Vote Utah What's the best in your city? Choose a category: View All Categories Facials Hair Salon Health Club Manicures Massage Spa Yoga Recognition for Akasha Spa and Salon 2003 Nominated for Spa About Us | Advertise with Us | Contact Us | Press Center | Site Guide | List Your Business on Citysearch | Become an Affiliate | Job Opportunities | Other Cities | Get a Business Website | Submit an Event | Privacy Policy | Terms of Use | About BOC | Utah Yellow Pages Citysearch is a registered trademark of 720619 Ontario Inc. and is used under license (C) 2006 Citysearch.com All rights reserved. partner sites: Evite - Entertainment.com - Gifts.com - TripAdvisor - ServiceMagic - Ticketmaster - Expedia - Hotels.com - Hotwire - HSN - LendingTree - Match.com - RealEstate.com - ReserveAmerica - Zerodegrees - CondoSaver - ClassicVacations - Ballard Designs - Frontgate - Garnet Hill - Smith+Noble - The Territory Ahead - Travel Smith

skin cream for all

Rejuvenex - Anti Wrinkle Cream Categories: Amino Acids Anti-aging Antioxidants Aromatherapy Cancer Cardio Cognitive Detox Diabetes Digestive Eye Care Hair care Herbs/Herbal Hormone Therapy Immune System Inflammation Mens Health Minerals Miscellaneous Mood Enhancers Prostate Protein Skin Aging Sports Nutrition Vitamins Weight Loss Womens Health Rejuvenex Optimal potencies of the best-documented skin restoration agents 2 oz jar, Code 007 Standard Retail $47.00 Our Price $43.95 Quantity 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 An extraordinary anit aging wrinkle removal skin cream for all types of skin. Created especially for dry, wrinkled, blemished, sun-damaged skin A unique blend of skin renewal extracts: (RNA, DMAE, beta glucan, alpha-lipoic acid, and vitamins A, C and E Advanced patented delivery system Clinical studies demonstrate the the appearance of aged skin can be partially reversed by the daily application of topical antiaging agents. The same nutrients that help restore youthful appearance also interfere with processes known to accelerate skin aging. Rejuvenex® is a facial cream that provides optimal potencies of the best-documented skin restoration agents. Key ingredients in the new Rejuvenex® are encased in a patented QuSome® delivery system. This enables these ingredients to reach the lower layers of skin where they are gradually released to protect and enhance cellular metabolic function. Newly published studies substantiate the skin rejuvenating effects of topically applied antioxidants. The new Rejuvenex® contains high potencies of the forms of vitamins C and E that work especially well in the skin. For instance, whle ascorbyl palmitate has potent free radical quenching effects, ascorbyl phosphate has been shown to boost the production of collagen type 3 and strengthen collagen strands. Ascorbyl phosphate is nonacidic and more stable in the acqueous part of the cell. The new Rejuvenex® contains both the ascorbyl palmitate and ascorbyl phosphate forms of vitamin C . Alpha-lipoic acid may function in four ways to slow skin aging. First, it is a potent antioxidant. Second, it helps maintain the health of the mitochondria, the powerhouses of the cell. When the mitochondria are metabolically compromised, skin cells cannot perform youthful repair functions. Third, alpha-lipoic acid helps turn off an inflammatory messenger known as nuclear factor kappa B that can severely damage skin. Last, alpha-lipoic acid activates a collagen-regulating factor known as AP-1 that turns on enzymes that digest glycation-damaged collagen. As we age, the accumulation of glycated collagen crosslinks can result in visible skin again. Alpha-lipoic acid has shown a unique mechanism of facilitating the enzymatic disposal of glycated-damaged collagen. The new Rejuvenex® contains a potent concentration of alpha-lipoic acid encased in a QuSome® vehicle to enable it to penetrate deep into the skin. Up until now, a limitation of topical anti-aging preparations was that they have not been able to reverse skin sagging. That is why surgical facelifts have become so prevalent. An interesting study indicates that DMAE can induce a firming effect on facial tissues. The proposed mechanism is that DMAE functions as a cell membrane stabilizing agent, which is especially curcial in the skin’s supporting foundation of collagen and elastin. Based on clinical reports, DMAE may be the first topical agent that can ehlp firm sagging skin. The new Rejuvenex® provides a potent dose of DMAE (dimethylaminoethanol). Glycolic acid is the most potent of the alpha-hydroxy acids that have been shown to erase fine wrinkles in aging human skin. The mechanism of action of glycolic acid is to break down old cells at the skin’s surface so they can be replaced with more youthful cells from underneath. The concentration of glycolic acid has been increased in the new Rejuvenex®, without inducing an irritating effect on any of the test subjects. A hallmark characteristic of aged skin is the slowdown in production of youthful new cells to replace the rapidly accumulating pool of damaged aged cells. Vitamin A stimulates skin cell renewal by increasing the rate of mitotic cell division. Topical vitamin A has also been shown to stimulate collagen synthesis. One mechanism by which vitamin A promotes youthful cell production is to facilitate the stimulating effects of epidermal growth factor. Another agent that stimulates cell renewal is kinetin. Like vitamin A, kinetin helps assist epidermal growth factors in bringing young cells to the surface of the skin. Some reports indicates that kinetic diminishes fine lines and wrinkles similar to Retin A without the irritation. The pioneering work of Benjamin S Frank, MD showed that RNA improved cellular energy and the movement of young cells to the surface of the skin where they replace old cells. Clinical trials by the Elizabeth Arden company demonstrated how creams containing RNA/DNA caused a visible lifting/tightening of the skin, while the wrinkles appeared to be less visible in just 21 days. The new Rejuvenex® contains all these cell renewal agents, I e vitamin A (retinyl palmitate), kinetin and RNA. Rejuvenex® is the only cream in the world that provides the complete moisturizing complex, including NaPCA , lactic acid, urea, hyaluronic acid and Ceraphyl® NGA, all of which are lost in the dry, wrinkled skin of the elderly. Cumulaive daily sunlight exposure results in significant skin damage and premature aging. The new Rejuvenex® contains avobenzone to absorb UVA sunrays, octyl salicylate to block UVB rays, and micronized zinc to block UVC rays. With 25 active ingredients, the new Rejuvenex® is by far the most potent and comprehensive antiaging skin cream on the market. It should be applied to the face every morning before your first encounter with the sun. It readily penetrates the skin and can be worn under makeup. Rejuvenex® can also be reapplied at night if desired. Ingredients: Purified water, alkoxylated diester, isocetyl steroyl stearate, octyl salicylate, glycolic acid, cetyl alcohol, stearyl alcohol, dimethicone, butyl methoxydibenzoylmethane, maleated soybean oil (Ceraphyl NGA), potato (Solanum tuberosum) starch, safflower (Carthamus tinctorius) oil, dimethylaminoethanol bitartrate (DMAE), retinyl palmitate (vitamin A), ascorbyl palmitate (vitamin C), sodium ascorbyl phosphate (vitamin C), tocopheryl acetate (vitamin E), tocopherol (vitamin E), alpha-lipoic acid, sodium hyaluronate, sodium PCA, RNA, beta glucan, kinetin, lactic acid, allantoin, panthenol (vitamin B), glycerin, squalane, zinc oxide, ginseng (Panax ginseng) extract, arginine, aloe barbadensis gel, glyceryl stearate, PEG-100 stearate, phenoxyethanol, urea, lavender (Lavandula angustifolia) oil, propylparaben, methylparaben, disodium EDTA, imidazolidinyl urea, passion flower essential oil blend, ylang ylang (cananga adorata) oil. Dosage and use - Smooth a small amount of cream on clean face and neck, morning and night. May be used alone or under makeup. Keep out of reach of children. For external use only. Avoid contact with eyes. If rash or irritation occurs, please discontinue use and contact a physician. Hot Sellers: Acetyl L Carnitine Carnosine Coral Calcium DHEA Human Growth Hormone Releaser Carnitine 7-Keto DHEA Estrogen Replacement Therapy Syn-Test to Increase Testosterone Levels Pregnenolone Progesterone Cream Tribulus Marine Collagen Dry Skin Care Anti Wrinkle Cream Alpha GPC Wrinkle Removal Cream Anti Aging Skin Care Treatment Wrinkle Reduction Cream Under Eye Bags NADH Lecithin Granules Ginkgo Biloba Vinpocetine Phosphatidylserine Glutamine DMAE Choline Bilberry Eye Drops Lutein UV Protection Macular Degeneration Treament Dry Eyes Probiotics Silymarin Pancreatin Papain Sexual Enhancement Pill Regimint for Gastrointestinal Tract System Fiber Food for Normal Bowel Movement Apple Pectin Bromelain Herbal Laxative Chitosan Colon Cleanser Urinary Tract Infection Treatment Digestive Enzymes Yohimbe Bark Extract Phosphatidylcholine Urinary Incontinence Product Branched Chain Amino Acids Calcium D Glucarate Body Detox Product Milk Thistle Internal Deodorizer for Bad Breath Hair Regrowth Inositol Hair Vitamins Vitamin K Maintain Better Erections Fat Sugar and Starch Blocker Ribonucleic acid These statements have not been evaluated by the FDA. These products are not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease

Lotion Table of Contents

Betnovate Lotion , SPC from the eMC Go to the electronic Medicines Compendium ( e MC) Homepage GlaxoSmithKline UK Stockley Park West Uxbridge Middlesex UB11 1BT Telephone: +44 (0)800 221 441 Facsimile: +44 (0)208 990 4321 Medical Information e-mail: customercontactuk@gsk.com Document last updated on the e MC: Fri 18 February 2005 Betnovate Lotion Table of Contents 1. NAME OF THE MEDICINAL PRODUCT 2. QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE COMPOSITION 3. PHARMACEUTICAL FORM 4. CLINICAL PARTICULARS 4.1 Therapeutic indications 4.2 Posology and method of administration 4.3 Contraindications 4.4 Special warnings and precautions for use 4.5 Interaction with other medicinal products and other forms of interaction 4.6 Pregnancy and lactation 4.7 Effects on ability to drive and use machines 4.8 Undesirable effects 4.9 Overdose 5. PHARMACOLOGICAL PROPERTIES 5.1 Pharmacodynamic properties 5.2 Pharmacokinetic properties 5.3 Preclinical safety data 6. PHARMACEUTICAL PARTICULARS 6.1 List of excipients 6.2 Incompatibilities 6.3 Shelf life 6.4 Special precautions for storage 6.5 Nature and contents of container 6.6 Special precautions for disposal Administrative Data 7. MARKETING AUTHORISATION HOLDER 8. MARKETING AUTHORISATION NUMBER(S) 9. DATE OF FIRST AUTHORISATION/RENEWAL OF THE AUTHORISATION 10. DATE OF REVISION OF THE TEXT 1. NAME OF THE MEDICINAL PRODUCT Betnovate Lotion 2. QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE COMPOSITION Betamethasone Valerate 0.122% w / w 3. PHARMACEUTICAL FORM Lotion 4. CLINICAL PARTICULARS 4.1 Therapeutic indications Betamethasone valerate is an active topical corticosteroid, which produces a rapid response in those inflammatory dermatoses that are normally responsive to topical corticosteroid therapy, and is often effective in the less responsive conditions such as psoriasis. Betnovate preparations are indicated of the treatment of: eczema in children and adults; including atopic and discoid eczemas, prurigo nodularis; psoriasis (excluding widespread plaque psoriasis); neurodermatoses, including lichen simplex, lichen planus, seborrhoeic dermatitis; contact sensitivity reactions; discoid lupus erythematosus and they may be used as an adjunct to systemic steroid therapy in generalised erythroderma. 4.2 Posology and method of administration A small quantity of Betnovate should be applied to the affected area two or three times daily until improvement occurs. It may then be possible to maintain improvement by applying once a day, or even less often. If no improvement is seen within two to four weeks, reassessment of the diagnosis or referral, may be necessary. Betnovate lotion is particularly suitable when a minimal application to a large area is required. In the more resistant lesions, such as the thickened plaques of psoriasis on elbows and knees, the effect of Betnovate can be enhanced, if necessary, by occluding the treatment area with polythene film. Overnight occlusion only is usually adequate to bring about a satisfactory response in such lesions. Thereafter improvement can usually be maintained by regular application without occlusion. Children Courses should be limited to five days if possible. Occlusion should not be used. 4.3 Contraindications Rosacea, acne vulgaris and perioral dermatitis. Primary cutaneous viral infections (e.g. herpes simplex, chickenpox). Hypersensitivity to the preparation. The use of Betnovate skin preparations is not indicated in the treatment of primarily infected skin lesions caused by infection with fungi (e.g. candidiasis, tinea); or bacteria (e.g. impetigo); primary or secondary infections due to yeast; perianal and genital pruritus; dermatoses in children under 1 year of age, including dermatitis and napkin eruptions. 4.4 Special warnings and precautions for use Long-term continuous topical therapy should be avoided where possible, particularly in infants and children, as adrenal suppression, with or without clinical features of Cushing's syndrome, can occur even without occlusion. In this situation, topical steroids should be discontinued gradually under medical supervision because of the risk of adrenal insufficiency (see section 4.8 Undesirable Effects and Secion 4.9 Overdose). The face, more than other areas of the body, may exhibit atrophic changes after prolonged treatment with potent topical corticosteroids. This must be borne in mind when treating such conditions as psoriasis, discoid lupus erythematosus and severe eczema. If applied to the eyelids, care is needed to ensure that the preparation does not enter the eye, as glaucoma might result. If used in childhood, or on the face, courses should be limited to five days and occlusion should not be used. Topical corticosteroids may be hazardous in psoriasis for a number of reasons including rebound relapses, development of tolerance, risk of generalised pustular psoriasis and development of local or systemic toxicity due to impaired barrier function of the skin. If used in psoriasis careful patient supervision is important. Appropriate antimicrobial therapy should be used whenever treating inflammatory lesions, which have become infected. Any spread of infection requires withdrawal of topical corticosteroid therapy and systemic administration of antimicrobial agents. Bacterial infection is encouraged by the warm moist conditions induced by occlusive dressings and so the skin should be cleansed before a fresh dressing is applied. Further information: The least potent corticosteroid, which will control the disease, should be selected. None of these preparations contain lanolin. Betnovate cream and ointment and the corresponding RD preparations do not contain parabens. Betnovate lotion contains parabens. 4.5 Interaction with other medicinal products and other forms of interaction None known 4.6 Pregnancy and lactation There is inadequate evidence of safety in human pregnancy. Topical administration of corticosteroids to pregnant animals can cause abnormalities of foetal development including cleft palate and intrauterine growth retardation. There may therefore be a very small risk of such effects in the human foetus. 4.7 Effects on ability to drive and use machines None known. 4.8 Undesirable effects Adverse events are listed below by system organ class and frequency. Frequencies are defined as: very common ( 1/10), common ( 1/100 and <1/10), uncommon ( 1/1000 and <1/100), rare ( 1/10,000 and <1/1000) and very rare (<1/10,000) including isolated reports. Very common, common and uncommon events were generally determined from clinical trial data. The background rates in placebo and comparator groups were not taken into account when assigning frequency categories to adverse events derived from clinical trial data, since these rates were generally comparable to those in the active treatment group. Rare and very rare events were generally determined from spontaneous data. Immune system disorders Very rare: Hypersensitivity. If signs of hypersensitivity appear, application should stop immediately. Endocrine disorders Very rare: Features of Cushing's syndrome As with other topical corticosteroids, prolonged use of large amounts or treatment of extensive areas can result in sufficient systemic absorption to produce suppression of the HPA axis and the clinical features of Cushing's syndrome (see Section 4.4 Special Warnings and Precautions for use). These effects are more likely to occur in infants and children, and if occlusive dressings are used. In infants the napkin may act as an occlusive dressing. Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders Common: Local skin burning and pruritus. Very rare: Local atrophic changes in the skin such as thinning, striae and dilatation of the superficial blood vessels may be caused by prolonged and intensive treatment with highly active corticosteroid preparations, particularly when occlusive dressings are used or when skin folds are involved. Pigmentation changes, hypertrichosis, allergic contact dermatitis, exacerbation of symptoms, pustular psoriasis (due to treatment of psoriasis with corticosteroids or its withdrawal: see Section 4.4. Special Warnings and Precautions for use) 4.9 Overdose Acute overdosage is very unlikely to occur. However, in the case of chronic overdosage or misuse the features of Cushing's syndromemay appear and in this situation topical steroids should be discontinued gradually under medical supervision (see Section 4.4 Special Warnings and Precautions for use). 5. PHARMACOLOGICAL PROPERTIES 5.1 Pharmacodynamic properties Betamethasone valerate is an active corticosteroid with topical anti-inflammatory activity. 5.2 Pharmacokinetic properties The extent of percutaneous absorption of topical corticosteroid is determined by many factors including the vehicle, the integrity of the epidermal barrier, and the use of occlusive dressings. Topical corticosteroids can be absorbed from normal intact skin. Inflammation and/or other disease processes in the skin increase percutaneous absorption. Occlusive dressings substantially increase the percutaneous absorption of topical corticosteroids. Once absorbed through the skin, topical corticosteroids are handled through pharmacokinetic pathways similar to systemically administered corticosteroids. Corticosteroids are bound to plasma proteins in varying degrees. Corticosteroids are metabolised primarily by the liver and are then excreted by the kidneys. 5.3 Preclinical safety data There are no preclinical data of relevance to the prescriber which are additional to that in other sections of the SmPC. 6. PHARMACEUTICAL PARTICULARS 6.1 List of excipients Methyl Hydroxybenzoate BP Xanthan Gum USP Cetostearyl Alcohol BP Liquid Paraffin BP Isopropyl Alcohol BP Glycerol BP Cetomacrogol 1000 BP Sodium citrate BP Citric Acid Monohydrate BP Purified Water BP 6.2 Incompatibilities None known. 6.3 Shelf life 36 months 6.4 Special precautions for storage Store below 25°C 6.5 Nature and contents of container Polyethylene squeeze bottle with a polyethylene nozzle and a polystyrene or polyethylene cap or White High Density Polyethylene (HDPE) Hostalen GF4750 and Remafin white CEG 020 containerwith a polyethylene nozzle and a polystyrene or polyethylene cap. Pack size: 20 ml; 100 ml Not all pack sizes may be marketed 6.6 Special precautions for disposal No special instructions Administrative Data 7. MARKETING AUTHORISATION HOLDER Glaxo Wellcome UK Limited T/A GlaxoSmithKline UK Stockley Park West Uxbridge Middlesex UB11 1BT 8. MARKETING AUTHORISATION NUMBER(S) PL 10949/0044 9. DATE OF FIRST AUTHORISATION/RENEWAL OF THE AUTHORISATION 10 September 1997 10. DATE OF REVISION OF THE TEXT 25th January 2005