Lip balm/cream - purchase
Google Answers: Lip balm/cream - purchase Log in | Google Answers Home View Question Ask a Question Q: Lip balm/cream - purchase ( No Answer, 5 Comments ) Question Subject: Lip balm/cream - purchase Category: Health > Beauty Asked by: jglobe2001-ga List Price: $4.50 Posted: 22 Nov 2005 10:26 PST Expires: 22 Dec 2005 10:26 PST Question ID: 596301 I would like to buy (preferably online) a particular lip cream which Ioriginally purchased in Europe. I also purchased a second tube in theUS about 2 years ago. It is called Biotherm Soin Des Levres(anti-drying lipcare). Do you know where I can currently buy it (preferably onlinebut if that is not possible, offline)? Clarification of Question by jglobe2001-ga on 23 Nov 2005 11:24 PST Just so you know, I am NOT looking for the Aquasource Biotherm lipcream. That is a totally different product than the one I am lookingfor. The one I am looking for literally says on the tube, "BiothermSoin Des Levres." It was a white tube. Answer Log in to add an answer There is no answer at this time. Comments Log in to add a comment Subject: Re: Lip balm/cream - purchase From: canadianhelper-ga on 22 Nov 2005 13:10 PST http://www.biotherm-usa.com/_us/_en/facecare/index_prod.aspx?prdcode=003886&CatCode=AXE_FACE_CARE^F1_VIS_LIP^F2_VIS_LIP_Lip& Subject: Re: Lip balm/cream - purchase From: jglobe2001-ga on 23 Nov 2005 11:26 PST In response to Canadianhelper's comment: The link you reference isfor the Aquasource product. That is a totally different product thanthe one I am looking for. Thanks anyway though. Subject: Re: Lip balm/cream - purchase From: canadianhelper-ga on 23 Nov 2005 14:03 PST ok...My search strategy was to put the Soins Des Levres in Biotherm'ssearch funtion on their French web site....the Aquasource product wasthe response. Would this not mean that the product has beendiscountinued?Sorry I couldn't help. Subject: Re: Lip balm/cream - purchase From: amber00-ga on 26 Nov 2005 14:11 PST Either your product has been discontinued, as suggested above, or itmight conceivably have been repackaged. Perhaps you could try emailingthe Biotherm people? Subject: Re: Lip balm/cream - purchase From: jglobe2001-ga on 27 Nov 2005 16:49 PST It may be discontinued, but that is why I am asking for help. Ithought someone might be able to locate a tube or two that I couldbuy. Important Disclaimer: Answers and comments provided on Google Answers are general information, and are not intended to substitute for informed professional medical, psychiatric, psychological, tax, legal, investment, accounting, or other professional advice. Google does not endorse, and expressly disclaims liability for any product, manufacturer, distributor, service or service provider mentioned or any opinion expressed in answers or comments. Please read carefully the Google Answers Terms of Service . If you feel that you have found inappropriate content, please let us know by emailing us at answers-editors@google.com with the question ID listed above. Thank you. Search Google Answers for all questions answered questions unanswered questions Google Home - Answers Help & Tips - Answers FAQ - Terms of Service - Privacy Policy ©2006 Google Retinal CreamDJO | Digital Journal of Ophthalmology 40 year old woman with a five-day history of visual loss in the right eye Anthony J. Aldave, M.D. Wills Eye Hospital, Philadelphia, PA History A 40-year-old white female presented to the Wills Eye Hospital Emergency Room with a five day history of blurred vision in the temporal visual field of her right eye. The patient denied any photopsia or other associated visual complaints. PMHx: Ophthalmic Migraines Meds: none SHx: Non contributory FHx: Non contributory Examination Vision:20/20 OU uncorrected Color Plates:Normal color vision OU Pupils: Equal, reactive, No APD Amsler grid: no metamorphopsia OU Visual Field: Confrontational visual fields demonstrated a large temporal scotoma in the right eye; the left eye was full to confrontation. Motility: Full OU Applanation pressure: 19 mmHg OD, 13 mm Hg OS Slit lamp examination:normal anterior segments OU Fundus examination: See Figures 1-3 Figure 1 Figures 1-2. Ophthalmoscopy of the right eye revealed small, discrete white lesions at the level of the deep retina or retinal pigment epithelium scattered over the posterior pole. More lesions are noted nasally. The optic disc and macula were normal. Figure 2 Figure 3 The left fundus was unremarkable Ancillary Testing Angiogram Figure 4 Shows early hypofluorescence of the lesions. Figure 5 Shows late diffuse staining of the RPE and mild staining of the disc Differential Diagnosis Multiple evanescent white dot syndrome (MEWDS) Features: Typically occurs in younger women, with frequent recovery of visual function and resolution of RPE lesions. Noted on ophthalmoscopy: Lesions normally unilateral, multiple white dots are seen at the level of the deep retina or retinal pigment epithelium. The white dots are most prominent in the paramacular area, usually sparing the fovea. Noted on fluorescein angiography: MEWDS lesions usually demonstrate early punctate hyperfluorescence and late staining corresponding to the location of the white dots and mild disc staining. Acute posterior multifocal placoid pigment epitheliopathy (APMPPE) Features: Transient visual loss in younger patients, with frequent recovery of visual function and resolution of RPE lesions. Usually bilateral involvement. Noted on ophthalmoscopy: Usually bilateral, with considerably larger lesions than those associated with MEWDS which leave more obvious RPE alterations after fading Noted on fluorescein angiography: APMPPE lesions block fluorescence early in the angiogram with late staining. Acute retinal pigment epitheliitis Features: Acute visual loss in younger patients, with near total visual recovery in 7-10 weeks. Noted on ophthalmoscopy: Lesions appear as dark dots with surrounding halo of depigmentation; these spots become more pigmented with clinical recovery. Noted on fluorescein angiography: Appear as hypofluorescent areas surrounded by hyperfluorescence. Birdshot retinochoroidopathy Features: Appears in older patients and is bilateral. Does not present with acute loss of vision. Noted on ophthalmoscopy: Manifests as multiple cream-colored lesions at the level of the RPE or deeper. Frequently associated with cystoid macular edema, vitreous reaction, and retinal vascular leakage. Noted on fluorescein angiography: Characteristically, reveals hypofluorescence in the early phase with slight diffuse hyperfluorescence in the late phase. Diagnosis Multiple Evanescent White Dot Syndrome (MEWDS) The patient was felt to have multiple evanescent white dot syndrome and was followed conservatively without treatment. The patient has since experienced a gradual improvement in her visual symptoms with a concomitant resolution of the white lesions. MEWDS, first described in 1984, most commonly affects healthy younger women, as is true in this patient's case. Typically, patients present with rapidly progressive unilateral visual loss. Had formal visual field testing been performed, it is likely that an enlarged blind spot would have been demonstrated. Other characteristic clinical findings in MEWDS, which were not noted in this patient, include a granular appearance of the macula, optic disc edema, retinal vascular sheathing, and vitreal cells. Although the cause of MEWDS remains unknown, ophthalmoscopic localization of the lesions to the deep retina and abnormal electroretinographic studies have pointed to a disorder of the retinal pigment epithelium which secondarily affects the adjacent photoreceptors. Fluorescein angiography is often a valuable tool in confirming a diagnosis of MEWDS in a patient with characteristic fundus findings. Interestingly, this patient did not display the typical early hyperfluorescent spots of MEWDS, but instead had hypofluorescent lesions, which are more characteristic of APMPEE. Although the fundoscopic appearance of the lesions was strongly suggestive of MEWDS, a recovery angiogram would be helpful in confirming the diagnosis; one would expect significantly less RPE alteration than is seen after resolution of APMPEE. Investigators have also suggested that indocyanine green angiography (ICG) may be a useful adjunct in the diagnosis of MEWDS, as it demonstrates a greater number of lesions than are seen with ophthalmoscopy or fluoroscein angiography. MEWDS is usually a self-limited disorder, with resolution of symptoms and the white dots over a 4 to 6 week period. However, a chronic recurrent form of the disease has been described in which multiple recurrences have involved both eyes Additionally, multifocal choroiditis and choroidal neovascularization have been associated with MEWDS, as has persistent enlargement of the blind spot. Patients with acute idiopathic blind spot enlargement (AIBSE) without optic disc edema are likely a subgroup of patients with MEWDS who have rapid resolution of their fundoscopic abnormalities with a protracted enlargement of the blind spot. When these patients are examined after resolution of the white dot lesions and the characteristic fluorescein angiographic findings, the presentation is indistinguishable FROM AIBSE, suggesting that AIBSE may represent a variation of MEWDS. References 1) Jampol LM, Sieving PA., Pugh D, et al: Multiple evanescent white dot syndrome: I.. Clinical findings. Arch Ophthalmol 1984;102:671-674. 2) Gass JDM: Acute posterior multifocal placoid pigment epitheliopathy. Arch Ophthalmol 1968;80:177-185. 3) Krill AE, Deutman AF: Acute retinal pigment epitheliitis. AM J Ophthalmol 1972;74:193-205. 4) Ryan SJ, Maumenee AE: Birdshot retinochoroidopathy. Am J Ophthalmol 1980;89:31-45. 5) Le D, Glaser BM, Murphy RP, Gordon LW, et al:Indocyanine green angiography in multiple evanescent white-dot syndrome. Am J Ophthalmol 1994;117:7-12. 6) Sieving PA, Fishman GA, Jampol LM, et al: Multiple Evanescent white dot syndrome: II. Electrophysiology of the photoreceptots during retinal pigment epithelial disease. Arch Ophthalmol, 1984; 102:675-679. 7) Tsai L, Jampol LM, Pollock SC, et al:Chronic recurrent multiple evanescent white dot syndrome. Retina 1994;14:160-163. 8) Callanan D, Gass DM: Multifocal choroiditis and choroidal neovascularization associated with the multiple evanescent white dot and acute idiopathic blind spot enlargement syndrome. Ophthalmol 1992;99:1678-1685. 9) Hamed LH, Glaser JS, Gass DM, et al: Protracted enlargement of the blind spot in multiple evanescent white dot syndrome. Arch Ophthalmol 1989;107:194-198. 10) Jampol LM: MEWDS, MFC, PIC, AMN, AIBSE, and AZOOR: one disease or many? [editorial]. Retina 1995;15:373-378. Anti AgingPosition Statement on Human Aging Home Search Your Guide to Quackery, Health Fraud, and Intelligent Decisions Send This Page to a Friend Position Statement on Human Aging S. Jay Olshansky, Ph.D. Leonard Hayflick, Ph.D. Bruce A. Carnes, Ph.D. In the past century a combination of successful public health campaigns, changes in living environments and advances in medicine have led to a dramatic increase in human life expectancy. Long lives experienced by unprecedented numbers of people in developed countries are a triumph of human ingenuity. This remarkable achievement has produced economic, political and societal changes that are both positive and negative. Although there is every reason to be optimistic that continuing progress in public health and the biomedical sciences will contribute to even longer and healthier lives in the future, a disturbing and potentially dangerous trend has also emerged in recent years. There has been a resurgence and proliferation of health care providers and entrepreneurs who are promoting antiaging products and lifestyle changes that they claim will slow, stop or reverse the processes of aging. Even though in most cases there is little or no scientific basis for these claims [1], the public is spending vast sums of money on these products and lifestyle changes, some of which may be harmful [2]. Scientists are unwittingly contributing to the proliferation of these pseudoscientific antiaging products by failing to participate in the public dialogue about the genuine science of aging research. The purpose of this document is to warn the public against the use of ineffective and potentially harmful antiaging interventions and to provide a brief but authoritative consensus statement from 51 internationally recognized scientists in the field about what we know and do not know about intervening in human aging. What follows is a list of issues related to aging that are prominent in both the lay and scientific literature, along with the consensus statements about these issues that grew out of debates and discussions among the 51 scientists associated with this paper. Lifespan Life span is defined as the observed age at death of an individual; maximum lifespan is the highest documented age at death for a species. From time to time we are told of a new highest documented age at death, as in the celebrated case of Madame Jeanne Calment of France who died at the age of 122 [3]. Although such an extreme age at death is exceedingly rare, the maximum life span of humans has continued to increase because world records for longevity can move in only one direction: higher. Despite this trend, however, it is almost certainly true that, at least since recorded history, people could have lived as long as those alive today if similar technologies, lifestyles and population sizes had been present. It is not people that have changed; it is the protected environments in which we live and the advances made in biomedical sciences and other human institutions that have permitted more people to attain, or more closely approach, their life-span potential [4] Longevity records are entertaining, but they have little relevance to our own lives because genetic, environmental and lifestyle diversity [5] guarantees that an overwhelming majority of the population will die long before attaining the age of the longest-lived individual. Life Expectancy Life expectancy in humans is the average number of years of life remaining for people of a given age, assuming that everyone will experience, for the remainder of their lives, the risk of death based on a current life table. For newborns in the U.S. today, life expectancy is about 77 years.6 Rapid declines in infant, child, maternal and late-life mortality during the 20th century led to an unprecedented 30-year increase in human life expectancy at birth from the 47 years that it was in developed countries in 1900. Repeating this feat during the lifetimes of people alive today is unlikely. Most of the prior advances in life expectancy at birth reflect dramatic declines in mortality risks in childhood and early adult life. Because the young can be saved only once and because these risks are now so close to zero, further improvements, even if they occurred, would have little effect on life expectancy [7-9]. Future gains in life expectancy will, therefore, require adding decades of life to people who have already survived seven decades or more. Even with precipitous declines in mortality at middle and older ages from those present today, life expectancy at birth is unlikely to exceed 90 years (males and females combined) in the 21st century without scientific advances that permit the modification of the fundamental processes of aging [10]. In fact, even eliminating all aging-related causes of death currently written on the death certificates of the elderly will not increase human life expectancy by more than 15 years. To exceed this limit, the underlying processes of aging that increase vulnerability to all the common causes of death will have to be modified. Immortality Eliminating all the aging-related [11] causes of death presently written on death certificates would still not make humans immortal [12]. Accidents, homicides, suicide and the biological processes of aging would continue to take their toll. The prospect of humans living forever is as unlikely today as it has always been, and discussions of such an impossible scenario have no place in a scientific discourse. Geriatric Medicine versus Aging Geriatric medicine is a critically important specialty in a world in which population aging is already a demographic reality in many countries and a future certainty in others. Past and anticipated advances in geriatric medicine will continue to save lives and help to manage the degenerative diseases associated with growing older [13,14], but these interventions only influence the manifestations of aging--not aging itself. The biomedical knowledge required to modify the processes of aging that lead to age-associated pathologies confronted by geriatricians does not currently exist. Until we better understand the aging processes and discover how to manipulate them, these intrinsic and currently immutable forces will continue to lead to increasing losses in physiological capacity and death even if age-associated diseases could be totally eliminated [15-20]. Antiaging Medicine Advocates of what has become known as antiaging medicine claim that it is now possible to slow, stop or reverse aging through existing medical and scientific interventions [21-26]. Claims of this kind have been made for thousands of years [27], and they are as false today as they were in the past [28-31]. Preventive measures make up an important part of public health and geriatric medicine, and careful adherence to advice on nutrition, exercise and smoking can increase one’s chances of living a long and healthy life, even though lifestyle changes based on these precautions do not affect the processes of aging [32-33]. The more dramatic claims made by those who advocate antiaging medicine in the form of specific drugs, vitamin cocktails or esoteric hormone mixtures are, however, not supported by scientific evidence, and it is difficult to avoid the conclusion that these claims are intentionally false, misleading or exaggerated for commercial reasons [34]. The misleading marketing and the public acceptance of antiaging medicine is not only a waste of health dollars; it has also made it far more difficult to inform the public about legitimate scientific research on aging and disease [35]. Medical interventions for age-related diseases do result in an increase in life expectancy, but none have been proved to modify the underlying processes of aging. The use of cosmetics, cosmetic surgery, hair dyes and similar means for covering up manifestations of aging may be effective in masking age changes, but they do not slow, stop or reverse aging. At present there is no such thing as an antiaging intervention. The scientifically respected free-radical theory of aging [36] serves as a basis for the prominent role that antioxidants have in the antiaging movement. The claim that ingesting supplements containing antioxidants can influence aging is often used to sell antiaging formulations. The logic used by their proponents reflects a misunderstanding of how cells detect and repair the damage caused by free radicals and the important role that free radicals play in normal physiological processes (such as the immune response and cell communication) [37-39]. Nevertheless, there is little doubt that ingesting fruits and vegetables (which contain antioxidants) can reduce the risk of having various age-associated diseases, such as cancer [40], heart disease [41,42], macular degeneration and cataracts [43,44]. At present there is relatively little evidence from human studies that supplements containing antioxidants lead to a reduction in either the risk of these conditions or the rate of aging, but there are a number of ongoing randomized trials that address the possible role of supplements in a range of age-related conditions [45-49], the results of which will be reported in the coming years. In the meantime, possible adverse effects of single-dose supplements, such as beta-carotene [50], caution against their indiscriminate use. As such, antioxidant supplements may have some health benefits for some people, but so far there is no scientific evidence to justify the claim that they have any effect on human aging [51-52]. Telomeres Telomeres, the repeated sequence found at the ends of chromosomes, shorten in many normal human cells with increased cell divisions. Statistically, older people have shorter telomeres in their skin and blood cells than do younger people [53,54]. In the animal kingdom, though, long-lived species often have shorter telomeres than do short-lived species, indicating that telomere length probably does not determine life span [55-57]. Solid scientific evidence has shown that telomere length plays a role in determining cellular life span in normal human fibroblasts and some other normal cell types [588]. Increasing the number of times a cell can divide, however, may predispose cells to tumor formation [59-60]. Thus, although telomere shortening may play a role in limiting cellular life span, there is no evidence that telomere shortening plays a role in the determination of human longevity. Hormones A number of hormones, including growth hormone, testosterone, estrogen and progesterone, have been shown in clinical trials to improve some of the physiological changes associated with human aging [61,62]. Under the careful supervision of physicians, some hormone supplements can be beneficial to the health of some people. No hormone, however, has been proved to slow, stop or reverse aging. Instances of negative side effects associated with some of these products have already been observed, and recent animal studies suggest that the use of growth hormone could have a life-shortening effect [63-65]. Hormone supplements now being sold under the guise of antiaging medicine should not be used by anyone unless they are prescribed for approved medical uses. Caloric Restriction The widespread observation that caloric restriction will increase longevity must be tempered with the recognition that it has progressively less effect the later in life it is begun [66], as well as with the possibility that the control animals used in these studies feed more than wild animals, predisposing them to an earlier death. Although caloric restriction might extend the longevity of humans, because it does so in many other animal species [67-69], there is no study in humans that has proved that it will work. A few people have subjected themselves to a calorically restricted diet, which, in order to be effective, must approach levels that most people would find intolerable. The fact that so few people have attempted caloric restriction since the phenomenon was discovered more than 60 years ago suggests that for most people, quality of life seems to be preferred over quantity of life. The unknown mechanisms involved in the reduced risk of disease associated with caloric restriction are of great interest [71] and deserve further study because they could lead to treatments with pharmacological mimetics of caloric restriction that might postpone all age-related diseases simultaneously. Determining Biological Age Scientists believe that random damage that occurs within cells and among extracellular molecules are responsible for many of the age-related changes that are observed in organisms [72-74]. In addition, for organisms that reproduce sexually, including humans, each individual is genetically unique. As such, the rate of aging also varies from individual to individual [75]. Despite intensive study, scientists have not been able to discover reliable measures of the processes that contribute to aging [76]. For these reasons, any claim that a person’s biological or "real age" [77] can currently be measured, let alone modified, by any means must be regarded as entertainment, not science. Are There Genes That Govern Aging Processes? No genetic instructions are required to age animals, just as no instructions on how to age inanimate machines are included in their blueprints [79-80]. Molecular disorder occurs and accumulates within cells and their products because the energy required for maintenance and repair processes to maintain functional integrity for an indefinite time is unnecessary after reproductive success. Survival beyond the reproductive years and, in some cases, raising progeny to independence, is not favored by evolution because limited resources are better spent on strategies that enhance reproductive success to sexual maturity rather than longevity [81]. Although genes certainly influence longevity determination, the processes of aging are not genetically programmed. Overengineered systems and redundant physiological capacities are essential for surviving long enough to reproduce in environments that are invariably hostile to life. Because humans have learned how to reduce environmental threats to life, the presence of redundant physiological capacity permits them and the domesticated animals we protect to survive beyond the reproductive ages. Studies in lower animals that have led to the view that genes are involved in aging have demonstrated that significant declines in mortality rates and large increases in average and maximum life span can be achieved experimentally [82-85]. Without exception, however, these genes have never produced a reversal or arrest of the inexorable increase in mortality rate that is one important hallmark of aging. The apparent effects of such genes on aging therefore appear to be inadvertent consequences of changes in other stages of life, such as growth and development, rather than a modification of underlying aging processes. Indeed, the evolutionary arguments presented above suggest that a unitary programmed aging process is unlikely to even exist and that such studies are more accurately interpreted to have an effect on longevity determination, not the various biological processes that contribute to aging. From this perspective, longevity determination is under genetic control only indirectly [86,87]. Thus, aging is a product of evolutionary neglect, not evolutionary intent [88-91]. Can We Grow Younger? Although it is possible to reduce the risk of aging-related diseases and to mask the signs of aging, it is not possible for individuals to grow younger. This would require reversing the degradation of molecular integrity that is one of the hallmarks of aging in both animate and inanimate objects. Other than performing the impossible feat of replacing all of the cells, tissues or organs in biological material as a means of circumventing aging processes, growing younger is a phenomenon that is currently not possible. Genetic Engineering After the publication of the human genome sequences, there have been assertions that this new knowledge will reveal genes whose manipulation may permit us to intervene directly in the processes of aging. Although it is likely that advances in molecular genetics will soon lead to effective treatments for inherited and age-related diseases, it is unlikely that scientists will be able to influence aging directly through genetic engineering [92,93]. because, as stated above, there are no genes directly responsible for the processes of aging. Centuries of selective breeding experience (in agricultural, domesticated and experimental plants and animals) has revealed that genetic manipulations designed to enhance one or only a few biological characteristics of an organism frequently have adverse consequences for health and vigor. As such, there is a very real danger that enhancing biological attributes associated with extended survival late in life might compromise biological properties important to growth and development early in life. Replacing Body Parts Suggestions have been made that the complete replacement of all body parts with more youthful components could increase longevity. Though possible in theory, it is highly improbable that this would ever become a practical strategy to extend length of life. Advances in cloning and embryonic stem cell technology may make the replacement of tissues and organs possible [94-99] and will likely have an important positive impact on public health in the future through the treatment of age-related diseases and disorders. But replacing and reprogramming the brain that defines who we are as individuals is, in our view, more the subject of science fiction than science fact. Lifestyle Modification and Aging Optimum lifestyles, including exercise and a balanced diet along with other proven methods for maintaining good health, contribute to increases in life expectancy by delaying or preventing the occurrence of age-related diseases. There is no scientific evidence, however, to support the claim that these practices increase longevity by modifying the processes of aging. Concluding Remarks Since recorded history individuals have been, and are continuing to be, victimized by promises of extended youth or increased longevity by using unproven methods that allegedly slow, stop or reverse aging. Our language on this matter must be unambiguous: there are no lifestyle changes, surgical procedures, vitamins, antioxidants, hormones or techniques of genetic engineering available today that have been demonstrated to influence the processes of aging [100,101]. We strongly urge the general public to avoid buying or using products or other interventions from anyone claiming that they will slow, stop or reverse aging. If people, on average, are going to live much longer than is currently possible, then it can only happen by adding decades of life to people who are already likely to live for 70 years or more. This "manufactured survival time" [102] will require modifications to all of the processes that contribute to aging--a technological feat that, though theoretically possible, has not yet been achieved. What medical science can tell us is that because aging and death are not programmed into our genes, health and fitness can be enhanced at any age, primarily through the avoidance of behaviors (such as smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, excessive exposure to sun, and obesity) that accelerate the expression of age-related diseases and by the adoption of behaviors (such as exercise and a healthy diet) that take advantage of a physiology that is inherently modifiable [103]. We enthusiastically support research in genetic engineering, stem cells, geriatric medicine and therapeutic pharmaceuticals, technologies that promise to revolutionize medicine as we know it. Most biogerontologists believe that our rapidly expanding scientific knowledge holds the promise that means may eventually be discovered to slow the rate of aging. If successful, these interventions are likely to postpone age-related diseases and disorders and extend the period of healthy life. Although the degree to which such interventions might extend length of life is uncertain, we believe this is the only way another quantum leap in life expectancy is even possible. Our concern is that when proponents of antiaging medicine claim that the fountain of youth has already been discovered, it negatively affects the credibility of serious scientific research efforts on aging. Because aging is the greatest risk factor for the leading causes of death and other age-related pathologies, more attention must be paid to the study of these universal underlying processes. Successful efforts to slow the rate of aging would have dramatic health benefits for the population by far exceeding the anticipated changes in health and length of life that would result from the complete elimination of heart disease, cancer, stroke and other age-associated diseases and disorders. Authors and Endorsers Dr. Olshansky is Senior Research Scientist and Professor at the School of Public Health, University of Illinois at Chicago. Dr. Hayflick is Professor of Anatomy at the University of California at San Francisco. Dr. Carnes is Assistant Professor of Geriatric Medicine at the University of Oklahoma. Drs. Olshansky and Carnes are also coauthors of The Quest for Immortality (Norton, 2001), a book-length antidote to anti-aging hype. The Position Statement on Human Aging has been endorsed by Robert Arking, Allen Bailey, Andrzej Bartke, Vladislav V. Bezrukov, Jacob Brody, Robert N. Butler, Alvaro Macieira-Coelho, L. Stephen Coles, David Danon, Aubrey D.N.J. de Grey, Lloyd Demetrius, Astrid Fletcher, James F. Fries, David Gershon, Roger Gosden, Carol W. Greider, S. Mitchell Harman, David Harrison, Christopher Heward, Henry R. Hirsch, Robin Holliday, Thomas E. Johnson, Tom Kirkwood, Leo S. Luckinbill, George M. Martin, Alec A. Morley, Charles Nam, Sang Chul Park, Linda Partridge, Graham Pawelec, Thomas T. Perls, Suresh Rattan, Robert Ricklefs, Ladislas (Leslie) Robert, Richard G. Rogers, Henry Rothschild, Douglas L. Schmucker, Jerry W. Shay, Monika Skalicky, Len Smith, Raj Sohal, Richard L. Sprott, Andrus Viidik, Jan Vijg, Eugenia Wang, Andrew Weil, Georg Wick and Woodring Wright. Drs. Olshansky and Carnes received funding for this work from the National Institute on Aging. The position paper was previously published in Scientific American Magazine and the Journal of Gerontology: Biological Sciences . References Workshop Report, Is There an Antiaging Medicine ? 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Thomas. Springfield, IL.; 1988. Harrison DE, Archer JR. Natural selection for extended longevity from food restriction. Growth Dev Aging. 1989;53:3-6. Duffy PH, Seng JE, Lewis SM, et al. The effects of different levels of dietary restriction on aging and survival in the Sprague-Dawley rat: implications for chronic studies. Aging Clin Exp Res 2001;13:263-272. Journal of Gerontology: Biological Sciences. 2001;56,3: entire issue. Masoro EJ. Dietary restriction: current status. Aging Clin Exp Res 2001;13:261. Hayflick L. The Future of aging. Nature. 2000;408:267-269. Morley AA. The somatic mutation theory of ageing. Mut Res. 1995;338:19-23. Odagiri Y, Uchida H, Hosokawa M, Takemoto K, Morley A, Takeda T. Accelerated accumulation of somatic mutations in the senescence-accelerated mouse. Nat Genet. 1998;19:117-118. Carnes BA, Olshansky SJ. Heterogeneity and its biodemographic implications for longevity and mortality. Exp Gerontol. 2001;36:419-430. 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Johnson TE, Wu D, Tedesco P, Dames S, Vaupel JW. Age-specific demographic profiles of longevity mutants in Caenorhabditis elegans show segmental effects. J Gerontol Bio Sci. 2001;56:B331-339. Hayflick L. How and Why We Age. 1994. Ballantine Books: New York. Demetrius L. Mortality plateaus and directionality theory. Proc R Soc Lond B; 2001,268:1-9. Olshansky SJ, Carnes BA, Butler RA. If humans were built to last. Sci Am; 2001. Carnes BA, Olshansky SJ, Gavrilov L, Gavrilova N, Grahn D. Human longevity: nature vs. nurture -- fact or fiction. Perspect Biol Med. 1999;42(3):422-441. Robert L. Cellular and molecular mechanisms of aging and age related diseases. Pathol Oncol Res. 2000;6:3-9. Robert L. Aging of the vascular wall and atherosclerosis. Exp Gerontol. 1999;34:491-501. Rattan SIS. "Gene therapy for aging: mission impossible?" Hum Reprod Gen Ethics. 1997;3:27-29. Rattan SIS. "Is gene therapy for aging possible?" Ind J Exp Biol. 1998;36:233-236. 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A Genome-Wide Scan for Linkage to Human Exceptional Longevity Identifies a Locus on Chromosome 4. A. A. Puca in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, Vol. 98, No. 18, pages 10505-10508; August 28, 2001. Living to 100: Lessons in Living to Your Maximum Potential at Any Age. Thomas T. Perls, et al. Basic Books, 1999. Time of Our Lives: The Science of Human Aging. Tom Kirkwood. Oxford University Press, 1999. Confronting the Boundaries of Human Longevity. S. J. Olshansky, B. A. Carnes and D. Grahn in American Scientist, Vol. 86, No. 1, pages 52-61; 1998. Aging, Health Risks, and Cumulative Disability. A. J. Vita, R. B. Terry, H. B. Hubert and J. F. Fries in New England Journal of Medicine, Vol. 338, No. 15, pages 1035-1041; April 9, 1998. This article was posted on August 27, 2004. Makea Donation | Search All of Our Affiliated Sites | Home Sponsored Links to Recommended Companies VistaPrint : High-quality color printing. 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